Electrochemistry electrocatalysis

I wish to finish this chapter then by writing about the future I see for our civilization and the part electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, may play in alleviating it. 

Extensive studies of the possibility of increasing the efficiency of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells and of using other fuels have promoted the formation of a new branch of modern theoretical and applied electrochemistry - electrocatalysis. One of the most interesting achievements in... 

Theoretical aspects of mediation and electrocatalysis by polymer-coated electrodes have most recently been reviewed by Lyons.12 In order for electrochemistry of the solution species (substrate) to occur, it must either diffuse through the polymer film to the underlying electrode, or there must be some mechanism for electron transport across the film (Fig. 20). Depending on the relative rates of these processes, the mediated reaction can occur at the polymer/electrode interface (a), at the poly-mer/solution interface (b), or in a zone within the polymer film (c). The equations governing the reaction depend on its location,12 which is therefore an important issue. Studies of mediation also provide information on the rate and mechanism of electron transport in the film, and on its permeability. 

In the first part of the present review, new techniques of preparation of modified electrodes and their electrochemical properties are presented. The second part is devoted to applications based on electrochemical reactions of solute species at modified electrodes. Special focus is given to the general requirements for the use of modified electrodes in synthetic and analytical organic electrochemistry. The subject has been reviewed several times Besides the latest general review by Murray a number of more recent overview articles have specialized on certain aspects macro-molecular electronics theoretical aspects of electrocatalysis organic applicationssensor electrodes and applications in biological and medicinal chemistry. 

Kinoshita, K., Small-particle effects and structural considerations for electrocatalysis, in Modem Aspects of Electrochemistry, 1. O M. Bockris, Eds., Vol. 14, Kluwer, New York, 1982, p. 557. 

Kohei Uosaki received his B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from Osaka University and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from flinders University of South Australia. He vas a Research Chemist at Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co. Ltd. from 1971 to 1978 and a Research Officer at Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, U.K. bet veen 1978 and 1980 before joining Hokkaido University in 1980 as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry. He vas promoted to Associate Professor in 1981 and Professor in 1990. He is also a Principal Investigator of International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) Satellite, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) since 2008. His scientific interests include photoelectrochemistry of semiconductor electrodes, surface electrochemistry of single crystalline metal electrodes, electrocatalysis, modification of solid surfaces by molecular layers, and non-linear optical spectroscopy at interfaces. 

Vielstich W. 2003. CO, formic acid, and methanol oxidation in acid electrol3ftes—mechanisms and electrocatalysis. In Bard AJ, Stratmann M, Calvo EJ, eds. Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry. Volume 2. New York Wiley, p 466-511. 

Stonehart P. 1994. The role of electrocatalysis in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells. In Drake JAG, editor. Electrochemistry and Clean Energy. Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry. 

This series covers recent advances in electrocatalysis and electrochemistry and depicts prospects for their contribution into the present and future of the industrial world. It illustrates the transition of electrochemical sciences from a solid chapter of physical electrochemistry (covering mainly electron transfer reactions, concepts of electrode potentials and stmcture of the electrical double layer) to the field in which electrochemical reactivity is shown as a unique chapter of heterogeneous catalysis, is supported by high-level theory, connects to other areas of science, and includes focus on electrode surface structure, reaction environment, and interfacial spectroscopy. 

The purpose is manifold, mainly to provide a modern reference for graduate instruction and for active researchers in the two disciplines, as well as to document that electrocatalysis and electrochemistry are dynamic fields that expand rapidly and likewise rapidly change in their scientific profiles. 

G.C. Zhao, L. Zhang, X.W. Wei, Z.S. Yang, Myoglobin on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified electrode direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. Electrochem. Commun. 5, 825—829 (2003). 

Q. Lu, S.S. Hu, D.W. Pang, and Z.K. He, Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis with haemoglobin in water-soluble quantum dots film on glassy carbon electrode. Chem. Commun. 20, 2584—2585 (2005). 

Y.H. Wu, Q.C. Shen, and S.S. Hu, Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme-proteins in regenerated silk fibroin film. Anal. Chim. Acta 558, 179-186 (2006). 

Y.J. Hu, N.F. Hu, and Y.H. Zeng, Electrochemistry and electrocatalysis with myoglobin in biomembrane-like surfactant-polymer 2C 2N+PA composite films. Talanta 50, 1183-1195 (2000). 

L.W. Wang and N.F Hu, Electrochemistry and electrocatalysis with myoglobin in biomembrane-like DHP-PDDA polyelectrolyte-surfactant complex films. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 236, 166—172 (2001). 

R. Huang and N.F. Hu, Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis with horseradish peroxidase in Eastman AQ film. Bioelectrochemistry 54, 75-81 (2001). 

J.J. Feng, G. Zhao, J.J. Xu, and H.Y. Chen, Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme proteins immobilized on gold nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan. Anal. Biochem. 342, 280-286 (2005). 

L. Shen and N.F. Hu, Heme protein films with polyamidoamine dendrimer direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis. BBA-Bioenergetics 1608, 23—33 (2004). 

Royce W. Murray is Kenan Professor of Chemistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received his B.S. from Birmingham Southern College in 1957 and his Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 1960. His research areas are analytical chemistry and materials science with specialized interests in electrochemical techniques and reactions, chemically derivatized surfaces in electrochemistry and analytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, polymer films and membranes, solid state electrochemistry and transport phenomena, and molecular electronics. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. 

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