Electrochemical tests potential probe methods

An alternative approach to the intrinsic DNA electrochemical activity utilizes electroactive species as redox indicators of the presence of immobilized DNA as well as its interaction events such as hybridization, damage, and association with another substance [14]. This mode was also used in a pioneering work on the DNA biosensor used for sequence detection [7]. In this case, it is still a label-free method in the sense that DNA probes or targets are not chemically modified by a special label however, as the indicator has to be added to a test S5 em as an additional reagent, we cannot speak more about the reagent-less technique. Redox indicators typically possess electrochemical responses at a "safe" electrode potential and often reversibly. The terms redox probe and redox marker are sometimes used in the literature to mean the redox indicator, which is confusable with the DNA capture probe used as a recognition element at hybridization and with markers used in medical diagnostics [8]. 

The GCSB models have predicted a variety of interfacial properties, for example, capacitive behavior, charge and potential distributions, and potential dependence of surface tension (the so-called electrocapillary curves), which have been experimentally tested by a variety of electrochemical and physical methods with varying levels of success. For instance, much has been learned over the past 70 years about ion adsorption and solvent orientation at Hg and well-defined solid metal electrodes from capacitance measurements. " Similarly, studies in recent decades using in situ scanned probe microscopy and surface force microbalance method have been used to map the electrical forces (and thus electric field) extending from electrode surfaces. 

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