Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole

Chen, J.H., Huang, Z.P., Wang, D.Z., et al. (2001). Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole/carbon nanotube nanoscale composites using weU-aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process, 73, 129-31. 

M. Bazzaoui, J.I. Martins, S.C. Costa, E.A. Bazzaoui, T.C. Reis, and L. Martins, Sweet aqueous solution for electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole Part 2. On ferrous metals, Electrochim. Acta, 51,4516-4527 (2006). 

In order to immobilize enzymes in conducting polymers to fabricate biosensors, the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films was studied under different conditions. It was found that the size and morphology of polypyrrole films synthesized using cyclic voltammetry were affected by the concentration of the supporting electrolyte at a scan potential range between 0.0 and 1.0 V (vs. SCE), and at a scan rate of 48 mV s [47]. The diameters of particles prepared in a solution containing 0.10 M pyrrole and 0.10 M NaCl... 

The fabrication of polypyrrole wires via electropolymerization within poly(methyl methacrylate) nanochannels on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate was reported by Chen et al. [53]. The electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole was performed by a cyclic voltammetry method in aqueous 0.1 M NaC104 containing 0.1 M pyrrole monomer. The potential was scanned 10 times between -0.7 and +0.6 V vs. Pt at a scan rate of 100 mV s . The nanochannels act as templates for electropolymerization of polypyrrole nanowires. 

J.M. Chen, S.W. Liao, and Y.C. Tsai, Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole within PMMA nanochannels produced by AFM mechanical lithography, Synth. Met., 155, 11-17 (2005). 

Lin, E.-R, Chiu, C.-J., and Tsai, Y.-C. [2014]. One-step electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole-graphene-glucose oxidase nanobiocomposite for glucose sensing, J. Electrochem. Soa, 161, pp. B243-B247. 

Yoneyama H., Shoji Y, and Kawai K., Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films containing metal oxide particles, Chem. Lett, 1989, 1067-1070. 

Jerome, G., and R. Jerome. 1998. Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed 37 2488. 

Pringle, J.M., et al. 2004. Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole in ionic liquids. Polymer 45 1447. 

Fenelon, A.M., and C.B. Breslin. 2002. The electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole at a copper electrode Corrosion protection properties. Electrochim Acta 47 (28) 4467. 

According to this description, any study of the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films should be preceded by the determination of the electric potential range in which these different processes occur. In this sense, it is convenient to know the potential window of the base electrode in the supporting electrolyte (Fig. 1). When pyrrole is added to the solution, a voltammetric study can determine the potential range in which the oxidation of the monomer occurs, besides the presence of passivation processes due to metal oxide layers. Moreover, if the potential attained during the potential sweep is too positive, an irreversible loss of activity will occur, which can be attributed to a decrease in the conductivity of the film due to degradation reactions (Fig. 1). 

Atobe, M., Ohsuka, H. and Fuchigami, T. (2004) Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole and polythiophene in supercritical trifluoromethane. Chemistry Letters, 33, 618-619. 

Pyrrole was first polymerized in 1916 [1,2] by the oxidation of pyrrole with H2O2 to give an amorphous powdery product known as pyrrole black. However, little further interest was shown in this material until it was electrochemically prepared in the form of continuous films. The electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole dates to the early work of DalTOllio [3], who also obtained pyrrole blacks by electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole in aqueous sulfuric acid on a platinum electrode. In 1979 [4] electrochemical techniques to synthesize polypyrroles become a useful way to obtain highly conductive free-standing materials. Chemical and electrochemical methods of synthesis have since then been improved in order to optimize the physical and chemical properties of those materials. 

Among all the methods of synthesis to produce polypyrrole, the electrochemical procedure is, with difference, the most useful to obtain polypyrroles having high conductivities. The general details of electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole are similar to other conducting polymers such as polythiophene or polyfurane. The flow of an anodic current in a simple electrochemical cell, through a solution containing a... 

The second problem associated with electrochemical synthesis of polypyrroles seems to be related to die difficulties found in correlating the polymer s properties with the conditions of synthesis. This has been derived from the widely spread idea of an overall understanding of the electrochemical mechanism. However, even the most simple electrochemical process of pyrrole electropolymerization involves different experimental variables in order to optimize polymer properties. These variables can be chemical, such as solvent or reactants (monomer and dopant salt), or physical, such as temperature, nature and shape of die electrodes, cell geometry or electrical conditions during synthesis. In addition, commonly the effects of all these variables are interdependent. 

In 1986 Jasne and Chiklis [78] reported that the electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole in aqueous media in the presence of carboxylated latex particles led to the... 

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