Electrochemical cell for in situ

Figure 35. Electrochemical cell for in situ X-ray standing wave measurements. (From Ref. 120, with permission.)...

Figure 1. Electrochemical cell for in situ surface EXAFS at chemically modified electrodes.

Fig. 3. Electrochemical cell for In situ Hossbauer spectroscopy measurements. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 3. Copyright 1985 Elsevier.)...

An improved electrochemical cell for in situ studies is presented in Figure 14.2. In this method a platinized Pt electrode located in the anode compartment serves as the reference electrode. This cell can be installed in a test station. Such a station can have facilities for temperature and pressure control, humidification of reactant gases (e.g., hydrogen and oxygen), gas flow rate measurement, and measurement of half- and... 

Surface analytical methods — X-ray absorption spectroscopy, XAS — Figure. Electrochemical cell for in situ XAS measurements in reflection, set up with a gracing incident X-ray beam, beam shaping slit, ionization chambers for the intensity measurement of incoming (ii) and reflected beam (I2) and beam stop for the direct nonreflected beam [vii]... 

Ellipsometry can measure films from subnanometer to a few micrometers, depending on material properties and wavelength of the light source. It has been widely used for thin film measurement in various applications, from biology to semiconductor, and from solid/solid to solid/liquid interfaces [24,25]. Ellipsometer with electrochemical cell for in situ thin film analysis is available from J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. and has been used in the research on electrochemical deposition [26]. However, in situ measurement of anodic films is more challenging because the films are usually metal complexes with unknown optical properties and difficult to verify with other ex situ techniques. 

Figure 40. Electrochemical cell for in situ grazing-incidence x-ray scattering experiments. A, silver(l 11) electrode B, Ag/AgCI reference electrode C, Pt counter electrode D, polypropylene window E, O-ring F, contact to Ag electrode G, solution inlet H, solution outlet. (From Samant, M. G., Toney, M. F., et al., Phys. Rev. B. 38 10962 (1988), with permission.)...

Koop T, Schindler W, Kazimirov A, Scherb G, Zegenhagen J, Schulz T, Feidenhans l R and Kirschner J 1998 Electrochemical cell for in situ x-ray diffraction under ultrapure conditions Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 1840... 

Fig. 5.119. Schematic drawing of an electrochemical cell for in situ NMR spectroscopy [649]. A counter electrode connection B reference electrode joint C counter electrode D platinum black working electrode E working electrode connection F purge connection...

Fig. 7.3. Scheme of an electrochemical cell for in situ investigations with an STM... 

Figure 9.15 Electrochemical cells for in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and grazing incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAD). (A) Thin-layer ceU for XAS in reflection and grazing incidence XRD XE, entrance X-ray beam XR, reflected X-ray beam PE, polyethylene foil WE, working electrode RE, reference electrode CE, counter electrode EL, electrolyte SH, sample holder and (B) ceU for XAS in transmission and reflection. XE entrance X-ray beam, XR reflected X-ray beam, WE working electrode, CE counter electrode RE reference electrode, W windows, B1 beam aperture, entrance beam, B2 beam aperture, reflected beam, and blocking direct beam (according to Strehblow). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [22], 2006, Walter de Gruyter Co.)...

Fig. 16 A silicon wafer and an electrochemical cell for in situ multiple internal reflectance FTIR spectroscopy.

A sketch of a typical electrochemical cell for in situ infrared spectroscopic... 

Fig. 34. Electrochemical cell for in situ ECESR experiments. The counterelectrode assembly that consists of a metal sheet wrapped around the central tube that connects to the reference electrode compartment is inserted axially into the working electrode coil. This coil is fitted into the cylindrical electrochemical cell made of quartz glass. The cell fits into the microwave cavity of the ESR spectrometer [73].

Made et al. (2005) designed an electrochemical cell for in situ micro-Raman measurements on the polymer membrane of an operating PEMFC. The method is applicable to studies of both the distribution of water and membrane structure in the working cell environment. It was shown that a hydration profile with a lower water content at the anode forms when current is applied to the ceU. In addition, the overall liquid water content in the membrane decreases with increasing current, possibly as a result of an increase in cell temperature. 

A key factor in the design of electrochemical cells for in situ transmission Mossbauer measurements is to decrease the attenuation of the y-ray beam, so as to reduce the time required for spectra acquisition. This may be accomplished by selecting low-absorption materials for windows and electrode supports and by minimizing the amount of electrolyte in the beam path. Radiation in the keV range penetrates rather deeply into matter, and therefore small amounts of rather high-Z elements can be tolerated without seriously comprising the overall cell transmission. As a means of illustration, the half-absorption length for 14.4-keV X-rays in water is about 3.5 mm, which is approximately... 

---