Energy-storage cell

Since World War 11, the U.S. space program and the military have used small amounts of insoluble chromates, largely barium and calcium chromates, as activators and depolarizers in fused-salt batteries (214,244). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has also used chromium (111) chloride as an electrolyte for redox energy storage cells (245). 

Scanned probe microscopies (SPM) that are capable of measuring either current or electrical potential are promising for in situ characterization of nanoscale energy storage cells. Mass transfer, electrical conductivity, and the electrochemical activity of anode and cathode materials can be directly quantified by these techniques. Two examples of this class of SPM are scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CAFM), both of which are commercially available. 

Lipids have important roles in energy storage, cell membrane stmcture and cell signalling. 

Lipids represent diverse classes of hydrocarbon-containing biomolecules, containing polar heads, with important roles in energy storage, cell membrane structure and cell signalling. 

Licht S. (2002), Photoelectrochemical solar energy storage cells , in Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemistry, Licht S., ed., Vol. 6 in Encyclopaedia of Electrochemistry, Wiley-VCH. 

Amatucci, G.G, Badway, E, Dupasquier, A., and Zheng, T. 2001. An asymmetric hybrid nonaqueous energy storage cell. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 148, A930-A939. 

Oligo- and polysaccharides are important macromolecules in living systems, showing their multifunctional characteristics in the construction of cell walls, energy storage, cell recognition and their immune response. 

Ionic liquids are involved in chemical processes at surfaces that may be sohd-hquid, solid-gas, and liquid-liquid interfaces. They are found in homogeneous or biphasic catalytic processes where they serve as process catalytic enhancement, immobilization medium, cocatalyst, or electrolytes [7, 9-12]. They may also find applications in nanotechnology, surface coatings, adsorbent materials, and solar energy storage cells [13, 14]. 

Ge SH, Yi BL, Zhang HM (2004) Study of a high power density sodium polysulfide/bromine energy storage cell. J Appl Electrochem 34 181-185. doi 10.1023/B JACH.0000009936. 

Electrical conduction is also very important for many devices that exploit the huge area of surface or interface per unit volume in zero-dimensional nanostructured materials such as nanoporous materials, granular materials, nanocomposites, and nanoparticle assemblies. Examples of such devices are chemiresistor-type sensors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and energy-storage cells. From the point of view of electron... 

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