Electroactive polymer actuators ionic actuation

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Nemat-Nasser, S., Wu, Y. (2003) Tailoring actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites through cation combination. Proceedings of SPIE, Smart structures and materials electroactive polymer actuators and devices (EAPAD), 5051, 245-53. 

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Non-ionic polymer gel, swollen with dielectric solvent, can be extremely deformed as is the case for non-ionic polymer plasticised with non-ionic plasticiser. Instead of the charge-injected solvent drag as a mechanism of the gel actuation, the principle is based on local asymmetrical charge distribution at the surface of the gel18. The mechanism can also be applied to non-ionic elastomers in which the motion of the polymer chain is relatively free. In spite of their many difficulties for practical actuators, polyelectrolyte gels and related materials are the most interesting electroactive polymer materials. 

There is growing interest in biomimetic motions, which imitate the action of natural muscles. Since such motions are difficult to realize using conventional appliances such as mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic actuators, research efforts are focused on the development of new muscle-like actuators. Electroactive polymers (EAPs) including polymer gels [63], ionic polymer-metal composites (IMPCs) [64], conductive polymers [56], and carbon nanotubes [65] are candidates to address the performance demands. 

Active catheterization will pave the way for minimally invasive medical diagnosis and treatments that involve less risk and pain for patients and less complication for doctors. Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators are good candidates for use in active catheters due to their biocompatibility, low cost, large strain, low actuation voltage and ease of fabrication. However, electrochemical actuation of these devices involves using ionic electrolytes which require either encapsulation or perhaps direct use of internal fluids. 

Ferroelectric polymer materials like PVDF or its derivatives are mentioned, since they behave as ferroelectric materials (see Fig. 2.2) - They have crystallinity and the crystals show polymorphism by controlling the preparation method. Much detailed work has been carried out on piezoelectric and/or pyroelectric properties, together with their characteristics as electroactive actuators. These materials have long been mentioned as typical electroactive polymers. Through these materials, it is considered that the strain induced in the polymer materials is not large. The electrostrictive coefficient is known to be small for polymers. These are non-ionic polymers and the induced strain originates from the reorientation or the deformation of polarized crystallites in the solid materials. 

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