Electro rotational mixing

Objects having a dipole can be set into rotational motion by applying a torque by means of an electric field [95], Electrorotation is the rotation of particles as a consequence of the induction of dipole moments and torque exertion by a rotating electric field. Coupled electrorotation (CER) uses static external fields which are spatially fixed to induce dipoles in two or more adjacent particles. This creates oscillating components of the electric field, finally resulting in a rotating electric field (for more details, refer to the original literature [95]). 

If one of the objects cannot rotate, e.g. because it is fixed in space, CER still can induce rotation of the other object [95], That is the basis for the mixing principle presented here. A microsphere is positioned nearby a (fixed) microstructure, typically of the same or similar material. By application of an electric field, the above-mentioned interaction takes place and the microsphere rotates. 

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In summary, even though the partial current density for deposition of tungsten is very small compared to the calculated limiting current density, /l,w, a significant dependence of /c,w on the rate of mass transport is observed. This is taken as a strong indication that the electro-active species is indeed a mixed-metal complex of the type shown in Eq. (32), which exists in solution at a low concentration. On the other hand, /c.m is independent of rotation rate, indicating that this metal is also deposited by an independent parallel route from its complexes with either NH3 or Cit , which exists in solution at high concentrations. ... 

The concept behind optical devices which incorporate liquids as a fundamental part of the optical structure can be traced at least as far back as the eighteenth century where rotating pools of mercury were proposed as a simple technique to create smooth spherical mirrors for use in reflecting telescopes. Modem microfluidics has enabled the development of a present-day equivalent of such devices, the development of which we now refer to as optofluidics. As will be described below, the capabilities in terms of fluidic control, mixing, miniaturization, and optical property tuning afforded by micro-, nano-, and electro-fluidics combined with soft lithography-based fabrication provide an ideal platform upon which to build such devices. 

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