Electrically active polymers electronics

Current charge storage technologies caimot meet the growing power requirements of a vast range of new and improved electronic devices. Researchers have therefore turned to alternative technologies, such as those based on electrically active polymers, to fulfill these needs. 

Chemical or electrochemical oxidation of numerous resonance-stabihsed aromatic molecules, such as pyrrole (9), thiophene (10), aniline (11), furan (12), carbazole (13), azulene (14) and indole (15), produces electronically conducting polymers (2,17-21,53-55) (see Electrically Active Polymers). 

This chapter reviews in detail the principles and applications of heterogeneous electron transfer reaction analysis at tip and sample electrodes. The first section summarizes the basic principles and concepts. It is followed by sections dedicated to one class of sample material glassy carbon, metals and semiconductors, thin layers, ion-conducting polymers, and electrically conducting polymers. A separate section is devoted to practical applications, in essence the study of heterogeneous catalysis and in situ characterization of sensors. The final section deals with the experiments defining the state of the art in this field and the outlook for some future activities. Aspects of heterogeneous electron transfer reactions in more complex systems, such as... 

An active research area is currently the use of conducting polymers as OLED devices. These polymeric-organic electronic materials are varied in compositions. In 1957, the first intrinsic electrically conduction polymer. 

The Faradaic activity of thin films of pol3nneric phthalocyanines 31 (M = Cu(II)) on titanium foils in electrochemical cells has been investigated [94]. Electrodes with the polymer film dipped into an aqueous solution of K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 exhibit a high Faradaic activity and reversibility comparable to a bare platinum electrode. The electrically conductive polymer allows an efficient electron transfer to redox couples in solution. Thin films of... 

Most work related to the covalent labeling of proteins with organometallic is related to the development of enzyme or antibody amperometric biosensors. For the majority of redox enzymes, the active center (or redox-aetive cofactors) are buried inside the protein and are therefore electrically inaccessible for direct electron transfer to the electrode surface of an amperometric biosensor. This problem has been resolved by (i) addition of a diffusional redox-active mediator, (ii) covalent tethering of the mediator to the protein, or (iii) immobilization of the protein in a redox-active polymer. Ferrocenyl derivatives have frequently been used in all three formats as mediators because of their almost ideal electrochemical properties. 

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