Electrical models applications

In addition to the solvent contributions, the electrochemical potential can be modeled. Application of an external electric field within a metal/vacuum interface model has been used to investigate the impact of potential alteration on the adsorption process [111, 112]. Although this approach can model the effects of the electrical double layer, it does not consider the adsorbate-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solvent-metal interactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. In another approach, N0rskov and co-workers model the electrochemical environment by changing the number of electrons and protons in a water bilayer on a Pt(lll) surface [113-115]. Jinnouchi and Anderson used the modified Poisson-Boltzmann theory and DFT to simulate the solute-solvent interaction to integrate a continuum approach to solvation and double layer affects within a DFT system [116-120]. These methods differ in the approximations made to represent the electrochemical interface, as the time and length scales needed for a fiilly quantum mechanical approach are unreachable. 

Vasebi A, Partovibakhsh M, Bathaee SMT (2007) A novel combined battery model for state-of-charge estimation in lead-acid battraies based on extended Kalman filter for hybrid electric vehicle applications. J Power Sources 174 30-40. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.04.011... 

Lyklema J (1995) Electric double layers, origin, thermodynamics, models, applications. In Fundamentals of interface and colloid science, vol D. Academic/ Elsevier, Chap 3... 

D. Pugh, Electric multipoles, polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities, in Chemical Modelling Applications and Theory, vol. 1. The Royal Society of Chemistiy, London, pp. 1-37 (2000)... 

Buonarota, A., Menga, P., and Scarioni, V. (1987). An electrical model for discharge and recharge of lead-acid batteries, developed for industrial applications. L Energia Elettrica 7-8, 325-332. 

A number of refinements and applications are in the literature. Corrections may be made for discreteness of charge [36] or the excluded volume of the hydrated ions [19, 37]. The effects of surface roughness on the electrical double layer have been treated by several groups [38-41] by means of perturbative expansions and numerical analysis. Several geometries have been treated, including two eccentric spheres such as found in encapsulated proteins or drugs [42], and biconcave disks with elastic membranes to model red blood cells [43]. The double-layer repulsion between two spheres has been a topic of much attention due to its importance in colloidal stability. A new numeri-... 

Schatz, R., Shooman, M. and Shaw, L. 1974 Application of Time Dependent Stress-Strength Models of Non-Electrical and Electrical Systems. In Proceedings Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, 540-547. 

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