Electrical charges, attraction and

The charge on a species has a major effect on its ability to donate or accept protons. Remember that opposite electrical charges attract, and like charges repel. An anion is both a better proton acceptor and a poorer proton donor than is a neutral molecule. Likewise, a cation is a poorer proton acceptor and a better proton donor. 

The electrons in an atom are held around the nucleus by the attraction between their negative charges and the positive charges of the protons in the nucleus. Opposite electrical charges attract, and like charges repel. The forces of attraction and repulsion are expressed quantitatively by Coulomb s law ... 

Eventually, an additional feature made possible our present-day system of electronics. This is based on the essential physical axiom that unlike electrical charges attract one another, and like electrical charges repel one another. A third electrode, the control grid, is inserted between and at close proximity to both the cathode and the plate. (Fig. 35) The grid, being a sievelike affair... 

Ionic (Coulomb) Forces, Forces of attraction between ions of opposite charge are termed ionic or Coulomb forces. The force with which two ions 1 and 2 attract one another depends on their electrical charges c, and nd the distance r between them ... 

The attraction force between two electric charges Qj and Q2 separated by a distance ris given in electrostatics by the double equation called Coulomb s law. 

The hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton. The interaction of their electric charges, —e and +e. respectively, corresponds to inverse-square attraction, in the same way that the gravitational interaction of the earth and the sun corresponds to inverse-square attraction. If Newton s laws of motion were applicable to the hydrogen atom we should accordingly expect that the electron, whose mass is small compared with that of the nucleus, would revolve about the nucleus in an elliptical orbit, in the same way that the earth revolves about the sun. The simplest orbit for the electron about the nucleus would be a circle, and Newton s laws of motion would permit the circle to be of any size, as determined by the energy of the system. 

Ions occm when elements or combinations of elements have either acquired more electrons than protons or lost some electrons, leaving them with less elections than protons. Protons are electrically positive, and electrons electricalfy negative. Ions are electrically charged particles and can be either positive or negative. They ean be attracted by charged electrical poles such as cathodes or anodes. 

Positive and negative electrical charges attract each other. 

Bohinc K, Zelko J, Sunil Kumar PB, Iglic A, Kralj-Iglic V (2009) Attraction of like-charged surfaces mediated by spheroidal nanoparticles with spatially distributed electric charge theory and simulation. In Advances in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes, vol 9. Academic, Burlington... 

To account for observed electrostatic interactions, it is postulated that two kinds of electric charge exist they are called POSITIVE and NEGATIVE. Unlike charges attract, and like charges repel each other. The magnitude of electrostatic force is given by Coulomb s law ... 

Positive (red) and negative (yellow) electrical charges attract one another. 

The attractive bonding forces are coulombic—that is, positive and negative ions, by virtue of their net electrical charge, attract one another. For two isolated ions, the attractive energy is a function of the interatomic distance according to... 

Often the van der Waals attraction is balanced by electric double-layer repulsion. An important example occurs in the flocculation of aqueous colloids. A suspension of charged particles experiences both the double-layer repulsion and dispersion attraction, and the balance between these determines the ease and hence the rate with which particles aggregate. Verwey and Overbeek [44, 45] considered the case of two colloidal spheres and calculated the net potential energy versus distance curves of the type illustrated in Fig. VI-5 for the case of 0 = 25.6 mV (i.e., 0 = k.T/e at 25°C). At low ionic strength, as measured by K (see Section V-2), the double-layer repulsion is overwhelming except at very small separations, but as k is increased, a net attraction at all distances... 

Electrostrictive materials are materials that exhibit a quadratic relationship between mechanical stress and the square of the electric polari2ation (14,15). Electrostriction can occur in any material. Whenever an electric field is appHed, the induced charges attract each other, thus, causing a compressive force. This attraction is independent of the sign of the electric field and can be approximated by... 

An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance. AH molecules contain atoms composed of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons. When a molecule is placed in an electric field between two charged plates, the field attracts the positive nuclei toward the negative plate and the electrons toward the positive plate. This electrical distortion, or polarization of the molecule, creates an electric dipole. When the field is removed, the distortion disappears, and the molecule reverts to its original condition. This electrical distortion of the molecule is caHed induced polarization the dipole formed is an induced dipole. 

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