Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence

The nuclear aircraft carrier USS Enterprise in 1964 had its crew members spell out Einstein s mass-energy equivalence formula E = me2 on the flight deck. 

Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relationship Relation between mass defect and ena-gy released... 

It is the first one that will be emphasized, and can be broken into conservation of mass and energy, which are coupled with Einstein s mass-energy equivalence (E=mc ). As such, the accumulation terms of the conservation of mass are not affected. Also, we could neglect forced convection effects in the system. The resulting mass diffusion equation would be similar to that in Eq. (1.5.2), except that a so-called elastic strain energy could be added to the potential function to take into account crystal lattice differences between solid phases (De Fontaine, 1967). 

The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons is called the mass defect. Relativity theory tells us that the loss in mass shows up as energy (heat) given off to the surroundings. Thus, the formation of gF is exothermic. Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relationship states that... 

It is now known that energy can be produced by the loss of mass during a nuclear reaction. Energy and mass are related by Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relationship E = mc, where c is the velocity of light. The modified law, therefore, states that the total mass and energy of an isolated system remain constant. 

The equivalence of these criteria follows from Einstein s mass-energy relationship. Spontaneous transformations of one nucleus into others can occur only if the combined mass of products is less than the mass of the original nuclide. 

An outstanding example of how these law s are subject to modification was Einstein s elucidation of the mass-energy equivalence ( —me). Before that, the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy were considered to be independently valid. 

This set of equations connects Planck s photon energy Ep with Einstein s mass/en-ergy equivalence, with Boltzmann s kinetic energy, with the kinetic energy of a particle and with the kinetic energy of an electron in an electric field of a voltage U of 1 V. The most important conversion factors used in photochemistry and photophysics are collected in Tab. 3-2. 

Combining Einstein s famous equation for mass-energy equivalence E = nuP) with the equation for the energy of a photon (E = hv = hc/X), de BrogUe derived an equation for the wavelength of any particle of mass m— whether planet, baseball, or electron—moving at speed u ... 

Energetics of Nuclear Reactions— The energy changes in nuclear reactions are a consequence of Einstein s discovery of a mass-energy equivalence (equation 25.19). 

Einstein showed that mass and energy are equivalent. Energy can be converted into mass, and mass into energy. They are related by Einstein s equation ... 

The mass of an atom is generally not equal to the sum of the masses of its component protons, neutrons, and electrons. If we could imagine a reaction in which free protons, neutrons, and electrons combine to form an atom, we would find that the mass of the atom is slightly less than the total mass of the component particles (an exception is H as there is only 1 nuclear part, the proton). Further, a tremendous amount of energy is released during the reaction which produces the atom. The loss in mass is exactly equivalent to the released energy, according to Einstein s famous equation,... 

Hiroshima exploded with energy equivalent to about 20,000 tons of TNT.18 But where does all of this energy come from Unlike ordinary chemical reactions, nuclear fission does not involve breaking and forming chemical bonds. Instead, the energy comes from the loss of mass that accompanies the fission reaction. Most, if not all, of the students will be familiar with Einstein s famous equation, E = me2, but few are likely to understand what it means.19 In 1939, Lise Meitner and her nephew Robert Frisch reported their discovery of nuclear fission.20 They realized that the energy that accompanied the fission of uranium nuclei could be accounted for by using Einstein s equation. 

In this book the value of A is given in energy units rather than units of mass, which is possible because of the equivalence of mass and energy expressed in Einstein s... 

Now Tm going to tell you about a strange concept that s necessary for understanding radioactivity and other nuclear reactions. That concept is the equivalence of mass and energy. Mass can transform into energy, and vice versa. This is part of Einstein s theory of special relativity and is the source of that famous equation E = m. Let s apply the theory to the activities you did in the previous section. When the two magnets are apart, we say that they have potential energy due to... 

According to the special theory of relativity, the last two formulas are actually different facets of the same fundamental relationship. By Einstein s famous formula, the equivalence of mass and energy is given by... 

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