Einstein’s mass-energy

Let us postulate that we live in a 3D hypersurface that slides along the u axis with speed v°u = ca, where the u axis coincides with the arrow of time. The 4-velocity is then a (row or column) vector 1 a = ( ca,vx,vy,vz). The plus (resp. minus) sign corresponds to the speed of preons that enter (resp. leave) our 3D world, parallel (resp. antiparallel) to the time arrow. It will be seen below that this constant ca is the one that enters Einstein s mass-energy equation, and corresponds to the speed of our 3D world along the time axis (interpretation 2 in Fig. 1). The speed of electromagnetic radiation in free space is a different constant c. The value of the latter may be either identical or numerically close to c , depending of whether one adopts a relativistic or an emission theory for photons, respectively (see Section V). 

The nuclear aircraft carrier USS Enterprise in 1964 had its crew members spell out Einstein s mass-energy equivalence formula E = me2 on the flight deck. 

The equivalence of these criteria follows from Einstein s mass-energy relationship. Spontaneous transformations of one nucleus into others can occur only if the combined mass of products is less than the mass of the original nuclide. 

Strategy To calculate the nuclear binding energy, we first determine the difference between the mass of the nucleus and the mass of all the protons and neutrons, which gives us the mass defect. Next, we apply Einstein s mass-energy relationship [A = (Aw)c ]. 

Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relationship Relation between mass defect and ena-gy released... 

Einstein s mass-energy equation E = nuP the relationship between mass and energy. [ 18.12] electrode the cathode or anode in an electrochemical cell (see cathode and anode). (17.6) electrolysis The process whereby electrical energy is used to bring about a chemical change. [ 17.6] electrolyte A substance whose aqueous solution conducts electricity. [15.5]... 

It is the first one that will be emphasized, and can be broken into conservation of mass and energy, which are coupled with Einstein s mass-energy equivalence (E=mc ). As such, the accumulation terms of the conservation of mass are not affected. Also, we could neglect forced convection effects in the system. The resulting mass diffusion equation would be similar to that in Eq. (1.5.2), except that a so-called elastic strain energy could be added to the potential function to take into account crystal lattice differences between solid phases (De Fontaine, 1967). 

The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons is called the mass defect. Relativity theory tells us that the loss in mass shows up as energy (heat) given off to the surroundings. Thus, the formation of gF is exothermic. Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relationship states that... 

It is now known that energy can be produced by the loss of mass during a nuclear reaction. Energy and mass are related by Einstein s mass-energy equivalence relationship E = mc, where c is the velocity of light. The modified law, therefore, states that the total mass and energy of an isolated system remain constant. 

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