Einstein gravitation theory

Pound worked with his associate, Glen A. Rebka, Jr., carrying out an experiment using the Mossbaucr effect to measure the gravitational effects of electromagnetic radiation and to test (lie predictions of Einstein s theory of general relativity. Pound s experiments continued and results predicted the Red Shift discovery. 

The above outline of Einstein s theories about space, time, and gravitation is necessarily very incomplete. A full account would be too mathematical for inclusion in this book. The writer hopes, however, that what has been written is sufficient to enable anyone to get some idea of the principles on which these epoch-making theories are based. 

According to Karl Popper, the method of science is the method of bold assumptions, of inventive and serious experiments to disprove. Karl Popper said that our knowledge based on hypotheses is assumptions. Knowledge of assumption has no final validity. For instance, Newton s theory of gravitation cannot explain the orbital properties of the planet Mercury Einstein s theory, however, took account of them. 

Geocentric model based on religious beliefs, but explains observed phenomena. Careful observations (Brahe, 9 planets eventually Kepler) point to discovered. Discovery of Heliocentric Model first Neptune confirms Newton s suggested by Copernicus. theory of universal Telescope confirms model. gravitation. Anomaly in orbit of Mercury resists solution with Newton s laws. Precession of Mercury s orbit is solved by Einstein s Theory of General Relativity. Theory and observations agree. Pluto is demoted to non-planet status (4). 

One of the many achievements of Einstein s general relativity was to geometrize gravitational theory. This geometrization consists in the first instance therein that one views the world of physical events as a space-time continuum in four dimensions. Such a continuum is, by definition, represented by a coordinate system. A coordinate system is simply a mapping of a class of world points on a class of four-fold numbers, or what may be called number points x, , x ). 

As mentioned before it is conjectured that in projective relativity theory the coefficients gij of the conic equation are gravitational potentials and the coefficients of the hyperplane equation are electromagnetic potentials. We shall see, in fact, that the closest field equations for the 7, 3 are a combination of the classical Einstein gravitation equations and the Maxwell field equations. 

Equations (1.59,1.60,1.62) agree with the results of Einstein s theory of general relativity for the perihelion movement of Mercury and the law that a photon deviates in a gravitational field twice the amount as predicted by Newton s gravitational law. 

In conclusion, we emphasise the following points (i) we have re-derived a previously obtained operator array formulation, which in its complex symmetric form permits a viable map of gravitational interactions within a combined quantum-classical structure (ii) the choice of representation allows the implementation of a global superposition principle valid both in the classical as well as the quantum domain (iii) the scope of the presentation has focused on obtaining well-known results of Einstein s theory of general relativity particularly in connection with the correct determination of the perihelion motion of the planet Mercury (iv) finally, we have obtained a surprising relation with Godel s celebrated incompleteness theorem. 

The miderstanding of the quantum mechanics of atoms was pioneered by Bohr, in his theory of the hydrogen atom. This combined the classical ideas on planetary motion—applicable to the atom because of the fomial similarity of tlie gravitational potential to tlie Coulomb potential between an electron and nucleus—with the quantum ideas that had recently been introduced by Planck and Einstein. This led eventually to the fomial theory of quaiitum mechanics, first discovered by Heisenberg, and most conveniently expressed by Schrodinger in the wave equation that bears his name. 

In 1916 Einstein completed his most widely known book on the special and the general theory of relativity, popularly explained, wrote the first paper on gravitational waves, and became president of the Deutsche Physikalische GeseJlschaft. In 1917 he became ill, suffering successively from a liver ailment, a stomach ulcer, jaundice, and general weakness, but nevertheless he managed to complete the first paper on relativistic cosmology. He did not fully recover until 1920. 

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