Theory Einstein

In another paper, R. Kuho (Kcio University, Japan) illustrates in a rather technical and mathematical fashion tire relationship between Brownian motion and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, in this paper, the author describes the linear response theory, Einstein s theory of Brownian motion, course-graining and stochastization, and the Langevin equations and their generalizations. 

We conclude this chapter by going back to Albert Einstein, whose work was instrumental in the evolution of the quantum theory. Einstein was unable to tolerate the limitations on classical determinism that seem to be an inevitable consequence of the developments outlined in this chapter, and he worked for many years to construct paradoxes which would overthrow it. For example, quantum mechanics predicts that measurement of the state of a system at one position changes the state everywhere else immediately. Thus the change propagates faster than the speed of light—in violation of at least the spirit of relativity. Only in the last few years has it been possible to do the appropriate experiments to test this ERPparadox (named for Einstein, Rosen and Podolsky, the authors of the paper which proposed it). The predictions of quantum mechanics turn out to be correct. 

After organizing observed data into a law, scientists try to explain the law. A statement that attempts to explain why a law is true is called a hypothesis. If the hypothesis becomes generally accepted, it becomes a theory. Einstein explained the law of gravity with his theory of relativity. Laws and theories are... 

Using quantum theory, Einstein solved another mystery of physics—the photoelectric effect. Einstein proposed that light can behave like a stream of particles (photons). 

We are told (Michelmore, 1963) that on his first encounter with the big-bang theory Einstein applauded Lemaitre, after his lecture in California, with the words ... 

In the case that a particle with spin 0 decays into two electrons, observing the spin of one electron determines the spin of the second electron. Since this indicates that information transmits faster than light, it violates the relativistic theory Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox) (Einstein et al. 1935). Bohr could not provide a counterargument to this. Later, this paradox was resolved by Bell s inequality, which limits the correlation of subsequent measurements of particles that have interacted and then separated on the local hidden-variable theory (Bell 1964), and Aspect s experiment, which proves the violation of this inequality (Aspect et al. 1982). 

To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein assumed that the radiant energy striking the metal surface behaves like a stream of tiny energy packets. Each packet, which is like a particle of energy, is called a photon. Extending Planck s quantum theory, Einstein deduced that each photon must have an energy equal to Planck constant times the frequency of the light ... 

By 1925 it was realized that the classical ideas that described matter didn t work at the atomic level. Some progress—Planck s quantum theory, Einstein s application of quantum theory to light, Bohr s theory of hydrogen, de Broglie s relationship—had been made, but it was all very specific and not generally applied to atoms and molecules. 

The next important step forward was taken by Einstein in 1916 in his famous work entitled The emission and absorption of radiation by the quantum theory (Einstein 1916), wherein he introduced two types of quantmn transition of an atom or molecule between discrete quantum states, namely ... 

The old quantum theory includes Planck s black-body radiation theory, Einstein s theory of the photoelectric effect, and Bohr s theory of the hydrogen atom. 

For Quantum Mechanics, Planck s interest in the Second Law of Thermodynamics made him attempt to fit a formula to the spectrum of black- body radiation. The only formula he could find was one that would have resulted from an assumption that radiation is emitted in quanta of action. He treated his formula as an ad hoc temporary measure. Later on Bohr introduced yet another ad hoc temporary treatment in his atomic theory. Einstein s treatment of a particle-like photon in 1905 was another such hunch, sticking his neck.. It took till 1925 to find a new paradigm. The mutations here were wild guesses, completely unjustified by the existing theories. 

With special relativity theory, Einstein showed that for any moving particle the energy... 

It should be noted that in 1911 Einstein had expanded his theoretical consideration of noninertial systems and had suggested the general relativistic theory of gravitation. On the basis of this theory Einstein postulated the principle of equivalence the action of a gravitational field is equivalent to the action of accelerated motion of a system. Corresponding mathematical expressions can be interpreted that any mass perturbs the enviromnental space therefore all bodies will move on the trajectories curved in a vicinity of the disturbing mass while approaching it. 

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