Effluent gas analysis

The H2S removal was also verified by effluent gas analysis as a function of applied current. Fig. 35 shows representative H2S outlet concentration as a function of current density. It is seen that the cathode outlet can be brought to near zero H2S content with sufficient applied current. Measurements at the anode outlet showed very little... 

The experimental system consists of three sections (i) a gas metering section with interconnected 4-port and 6-port valves, (ii) a reactor section including an in-situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy reactor (DRIFTS) connected to tubular quartz reactor, (iii) an effluent gas analysis section including a mass spectrometer or a gas chromatograph (9). 

Effluent-gas Analysis.4 This method of analysis gives an estimate both of the chlorine (IV) oxide produced and of the unreacted chlorine present in the effluent-gas mixture. The gas is collected in an opaque 600-ml. Hempel tube it is then absorbed in a neutral 10% solution of potassium iodide. Starch indicator is added to this solution or to an aliquot, which is then titrated with 0.1 AT sodium thiosulfate solution (titration A). The amount of sodium thiosulfate used is equivalent to all the chlorine gas in the sample plus one-fifth of the chlorine(IV) oxide. The solution is then acidified with an excess of 30% acetic acid, causing a second release of iodine, which is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution (titration B). The amount of sodium thiosulfate used in titration B is equivalent to four-fifths of the chlorine (IV) oxide in the sample. The equations for the reactions involved are shown below.4... 

In the only study of regeneration using steam (237,270), it was found that up to 80% removal of surface sulfur from Ni steam reforming catalysts either unpromoted or promoted with Mg and Ca could be achieved at 973 K. The effluent gas analysis showed the presence of S02 and H2S, and the following reaction pattern was suggested ... 

Generally speaking, mass spectrometry has been used in two configurations [252] effluent gas analysis and molecular beam. In the former case, the mass spectrometer is attached to the exhaust port of the plasma reactor. In this configuration only stable gaseous species can be detected. Radicals and ions normally have ample chance to recombine on the walls of the apparatus before reaching the mass spectrometer. Effluent gas analysis can provide valuable information about the process. 

Names rejected by the ICTA committee were effluent gas detection, effluent gas analysis, thermovaporimetric analysis, and thermohygrometric analysis. Also, terms such as mass spectrometric thermal analysis (MTA) and mass spectrometric differential thermal analysis (MDTA) should be avoided. Unfortunately, new names for the techniques are constantly being created, such as thermal evolution analysis (TEA). The technique of TEA, according to Chiu (18), includes all techniques that monitor continuously the amount of volatiles thermally evolved from the sample upon programmed heating. 

Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) measurements were performed in a CRY-1 DTA equipment connected with a gas chromatograph (GC) for effluent gas analysis. The amount of CO2 produced was measured at a temperature programmed rate of 20 °C/min. A 10 vol. % oxygen in N2 was introduced at a flow rate of 15ml/min. 

Product Analysis. Analysis of gases from the CRU is achieved in two ways. Carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon dioxide are analyzed continuously by Mine Safety Appliances Model LIRA 303 nondispersive analyzers (NDIR), while the total effluent gas analysis is obtained by gas chromatography using a combination of porapak QS and charcoal... 

Solvent loss needs to be verified by alternative techniques. The suspension of powders in a liquid, typically liquid paraffin, can lead to the visualisation of solvent release via gas formation during hot stage microscopy. The stoichiometric amount of water (or solvent) included in the crystal structure can be determined from thermogravimetic analysis. Figure 4 shows an example. Clearly, however, loss of weight may be due to decomposition and evolved or effluent gas analysis, through for instance mass spectroscopy, will confirm the nature of the volatile materials. 

Methods of EGA using selective sorption, condensation of effluent gases, infrared absorption and thermoparticulate analysis have been reviewed by Lodding [144]. The use of simple gas burette systems should not be forgotten and an Orsat gas analysis apparatus can provide useful measurements in studies of the decomposition of formates [169]. Problems have been encountered in the determination of water released Kiss et al. [170—172] have measured the formation of this compound from infrared analyses of the acetylene evolved following reaction of water with calcium carbide. Kinetic data may be obtained by wet methods ammonia, determined by titration after absorption in an aqueous solution, has been used to measure a—time values for the decomposition of ammonium salts in a fluidized bed [173],... 

It is clear from the analysis of gaseous reactor effluent that there were variations in the extent of organic contaminant combustion. Some carbon dioxide was observed in the effluent gas from the reactor in most of the tests. However, with fluorobenzene at 300°C we estimate that only about 2.5 % of the fluorobenzene was combusted based on the amount of CO2 observed. This is in contrast to the 30 to 50 % combustion of dibromoethane, dibromoethene, dichloroethane,... 

The effluent gas from the reaction was passed through a 0.1N hydrochloric acid solution the solution was evaporated to dryness, and the resulting salt was shown by analysis to be ammonium chloride. 

Acree, T.E. and Barnard, J. 1984. The analysis of odor active volatiles in gas chromatographic effluents. In Analysis of Volatiles (P. Schreier, ed.) pp. 251-267. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 

Precise hydrogen content of the liquid product, used in calculation of hydrogen consumption, was determined by NMR through the courtesy of Phillips Petroleum Company. Analysis of the effluent gas did not include hydrocarbons heavier than ethane. 

Gas phase chromatography has shown a very rapid development. Small units with more sensitive effluent gas analyzers are being marketed. Although its potentialities with respect to utility in clinical laboratories have not been fully assessed, it may well make possible the rapid and quantitative analysis of blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethanol, and fatty acids. 

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