Efficiency of plasticizer

Fig. 1. Relative efficiency of plasticizers where H represents Cg phthalate +, C q phthalate A, phthalate and , phthalate phr = parts per hundred mbber. Values for the trimeUitates fall in the shaded area. BSS 35 is equivalent to a Shore A hardness of 80, test method BS2782.

Figure 3.14 Photocurrent density and conversion efficiency of plastic DSSCs based on SJW-El dye as a function of the thicknesses of Ti02 films prepared at low temperature. (After [30].)...

A. Goetzberger, C. Hebling, and H.-W. Schock. Photovoltaic materials, history, status and outlook. Mater. Set Eng., R, 40(1) 1-46, January 2003. F.-C. Chen, Q. Xu, and Y. Yang. Enhanced efficiency of plastic photovoltaic devices by blending with ionic solid electrolytes. Appl. Phys. Lett., 84 3181-3183,2004. 

Chen FC, Xu Q, Yang Y. Enhanced efficiency of plastic photovoltaic devices by blending with ionic solid electrolytes. Appl Phys Lett 2004 84 3181-3. 

Fig. 2. Relative efficiency of plasticizers where (1) represents DEHP (2) Palatinol 9P (3) DEHA and (4) TOTM. (Palatinol is a registered trademark of BASF and 9P is a linear Cg phthalate.)...

Assessing The Eco-Efficiency of Plastics Packaging Waste Recovery, New Insights Into European Waste Management Choices, Summary Report, APME, Brussels, 2001. 

The present work was done with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of the acoustic emission method as a diagnostic tool for analysing a carbon plastic composite and its adhesive joints. The samples of the carbon plastic type UKN-5000 were used in the test. Non-defected samples and samples with artificial defects were tested. 

Addition of approximately 40% of the halogen flame retardants are needed to obtain a reasonable degree of flame retardancy. This usually adversely affects the properties of the plastic. The efficiency of the halogens is enhanced by the addition of inorganic flame retardants, resulting ia the overall reduction of flame-retardant additive package and minimising the adverse effects of the retardants. 

Powdered antimony pentoxide is used primarily in plastics. Stabilizers used to prevent the particles from growing are caustic, and can react with the halogen in the formulation. This can result in color formation and a lower flame-retarding efficiency of the system. 

Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate shows good compatibiUty with PVC and also imparts good low temperature performance in addition to good fire retardancy. 2-Ethyhexyl diphenyl phosphate has widespread use in dexible PVC appHcations due to its combination of properties of plasticizing efficiency, low temperature performance, migration resistance, and fire retardancy. 

Plasticizer Efficiency. This is a measure of the concentration of plasticizer required to impart a specified softness to PVC. Such a softness of material may be measured as a British Standard Softness (BSS) or a Shore hardness (Pig. 1). Por a given acid constituent of plasticizer ester, ie, phthalate, adipate, etc, plasticizer efficiency decreases as the carbon number of the alcohol chain increases, eg, for phthalate esters efficiency decreases in the order DBP > DIHP > DOP > DINP > DIDP > DTDP. An additional six parts per hundred in PVC of DIDP rather than DOP is required to give a hardness of Shore 80 when ah. other formulation ingredients remain constant. The consequence of this depends on the overall formulation and product costs. In addition to size of the carbon number of the alcohol chain, the amount of branching is also significant the more linear isomers are of greater efficiency. 

For efficient current distribution, steel-reinforced concrete walls should be provided at the wall entrance of pipes and at least 1 m around them and up to the soil surface with at least 2 mm thick electrically insulating layers of plastic or bitumen. This is also recommended if the pipelines are laid in soil parallel to steel-reinforced concrete foundations and the closest spacing is smaller than twice the pipe diameter or smaller than 0.5 m [2]. 

The use of fixed plastic tanks is especially problematic for nonconductive flammable liquids because the efficiency of grounding aids (such as a conductive dip pipe or a submerged grounded metal plate) decreases as liquid... 

There are about a dozen data bases specifically about plastics. Two of the best known and largest are Rapra Abstracts, issued by the Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain, with about 400000 entries, and the KKF data base of the Deutsche Kunstoff-Institut, with some 300000 records in 1993. Such data bases provide a huge source of information on all aspects of plastics, and considerable expertise is necessary to extract pertinent information efficiently. 

Plasticizers can be classified according to their chemical nature. The most important classes of plasticizers used in rubber adhesives are phthalates, polymeric plasticizers, and esters. The group phthalate plasticizers constitutes the biggest and most widely used plasticizers. The linear alkyl phthalates impart improved low-temperature performance and have reduced volatility. Most of the polymeric plasticizers are saturated polyesters obtained by reaction of a diol with a dicarboxylic acid. The most common diols are propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol. Adipic, phthalic and sebacic acids are common carboxylic acids used in the manufacture of polymeric plasticizers. Some poly-hydroxybutyrates are used in rubber adhesive formulations. Both the molecular weight and the chemical nature determine the performance of the polymeric plasticizers. Increasing the molecular weight reduces the volatility of the plasticizer but reduces the plasticizing efficiency and low-temperature properties. Typical esters used as plasticizers are n-butyl acetate and cellulose acetobutyrate. 

Alk l chain. The increase in the alkyl chain length and linearity improves the efficiency of the plasticizer and the low-temperature flexibility of the plasticized polymers. 

When a molten plastic is forced through a die it is found that under certain conditions there will be defects in the extrudate. In the worst case this will take the form of gross distortion of the extrudate but it can be as slight as a dullness of the surface. In most cases flow defects are to be avoided since they affect the quality of the output and the efficiency of the processing operation. However, in some cases if the flow anomaly can be controlled and reproduced, it can be used to advantage - for example, in the production of sheets with matt surface finish. Flow defects result from a combination of melt flow properties, die design and processing conditions but the exact causes and mechanisms are not completely understood. The two most common defects are... 

Figure 9-128. Companson of cooling efficiency of several packing materials in terms of the coefficient of heat transfer K a. Used by permission of Plastics Technical Service, The Dow Chemical Co., Midland Mich, with data added from Fuller, A. L., et al. Chemical Engineering Progress, V. 53, No. 10 (1957) p. 501 all rights reserved.

Moisture Aims are frequently found under unbonded protective coatings of asphalt and plastic tapes. The nature and origin of this water is still unknown but is of great interest because of its relationship to bond failure, microbial utilisation of asphalt and hydrocarbons, and efficiency of cathodic protection. ... 

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