Effect plot

Fig. 26. Compensation effect plots for C2H, oxidation over Pd-Rh alloy films (O) and Pd-Ag alloy films (A) pure metals are indicated by solid symbols (73).

The points for Ag and Pd-Ag alloys lie on the same straight line, a compensation effect, but the pure Pd point lies above the Pd-Ag line. In fact, the point for pure Pd lies on the line for Pd-Rh alloys, whereas the other pure metal in this series, i.e., rhodium is anomalous, falling well below the Pd-Rh line. Examination of the many compensation effect plots given in Bond s Catalysis by Metals (155) shows that often one or other of the pure metals in a series of catalysts consisting of two metals and their alloys falls off the plot. Examples include CO oxidation and formic acid decomposition over Pd-Au catalysts, parahydrogen conversion (Pt-Cu) and the hydrogenation of acetylene (Cu-Ni, Co-Ni), ethylene (Pt-Cu), and benzene (Cu-Ni). In some cases, where alloy catalysts containing only a small addition of the second component have been studied, then such catalysts are also found to be anomalous, like the pure metal which they approximate in composition. 

Construct a concentration-effect plot as in O Figure 13-5, and determine the IC50 value by fitting a logistic model to the data. 

FIGURE 15 An example of a main effect plot.The average responses at low level and high level of the factors are plotted. 

FIGURE 15 Example of a main effect plot (for the critical resolution) clearly showing the extent of the effects relative to each other. Factor temperature appears to be the most important factor on the resolution. Reprinted with permission from reference 18. 

Figure 3. Single Factor Effect Plots and Signal to Noise Ratios. A. 0 is the effect of passes on vesicle to ribosome ratio. A is the signal to noise ratios for the data points. B. e is the effect of pressure on vesicle to ribosome ratio. A is the signal to noise ratios for the data points. C. b is the effect of passes on yield. A is the signal to noise ratios for the data points. D. o is the effect of pressure on yield. A is the signal to noise ratios for the data points.

EIGURE 7.8 Integrated Bayesian effects plots for shoot length. 

When creating a graph of the relationship between the time course of the plasma concentrations of a drug in the body (plotted on the x-axis) and the time course of the observed drug effect (plotted on the y-axis), a loop with a counterclockwise direction may be obtained. This means that there are more than two values of effect that correspond to a single plasma concentration (Fig. 6). The phenomenon is called counterclockwise hysteresis or just hysteresis, provided that the model describes a stimulatory (positive) response. If the drug effect would be inhibitory (negative), the direction of the hysteresis would be clockwise. 

Quantal dose-effect plots. Shaded boxes (and the accompanying bell-shaped curves) indicate the frequency distribution of doses of drug required to produce a specified effect that is, the percentage of animals that required a particular dose to exhibit the effect. The open boxes (and the corresponding colored curves) indicate the cumulative frequency distribution of responses, which are lognormally distributed. 

Figure 16 Normal distribution for a residual variance of. QClS with effects plotted...

The simplest way to analyse the effects is, perhaps, by means of proper graphics, among which the Pareto chart and the main effects or interactions effects plots are used widely. In a Pareto chart we represent the different effects ordered by magnitude (absolute value, on the vertical axis) and the magnitude... 

The main effects plot represents the response (vertical axis) versus the levels of the factor under consideration (horizontal axis, see Figure 2.2). Each point represents the mean response obtained at each level. For our example (see Figure 2.2), the mean responses (yield) for factor A at the low and high levels are 82.5% and 86.75%, respectively. That is to say, the increase in yield (effect of A, pH) is 4.25% when we change the pH from 3 to 5. 

Since there is a non-negligible interaction between temperature (B) and time (C), the effects of these factors must be considered jointly. An interaction effect plot is a simple way to carry out this analysis. In Figure 2.3, the vertical axis represents, again, the response whereas the horizontal axis shows the levels of one of the factors involved in the interaction. For each of these levels we represent the mean response obtained at each combination of levels of the other factor. As presented in Figure 2.3, when time (C) is set at its low level, a change from the low to the high level of temperature (B) decreases the response (yield)... 

The final effect plotted is William s "awareness of his own breathing." He feels that his breathing tends to become steadily deeper as he becomes more deeply hypnotized, but a 50 there is a sudden change in his perceived breathing it becomes extremely shallow, almost imperceptible, and stays that way through the rest of the hypnotic state, it is not known whether an objective measure of respiration would show any changes at this point william did not actually stop breathing. 

Quantal dose-effect plots. Shaded boxes (and the accompanying curves) indicate the frequency distribution of doses of drug required to produce a specified effect ie, the percentage of animals... 

Figure 7.1 The primary salt effect plot of logio k versus /l...

Fig. 12 a Sergeants and soldiers effect plots of anisotropy factor g versus the mole fraction of chiral 19 for helical supramolecular assembly of chiral 19 and achiral 21 in M-butanol at 10-5 (O) and KT4 M ( ). (Reproduced with permission from [71]. Copyright 2001 Springer.) b Majority rule effect plots of g versus the enantiomeric excess of 18a and 18b for helical supramolecular assembly of chiral 18a and 18b in n-octane at 20 ( ) and 50 °C (O). (Reproduced with permission from [72]. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society)... 

Any input variable that has a large ANOVA contribution from an estimated (corrected) main effect but does not appear in any large ANOVA contributions from interaction effects has its estimated (uncorrected) main effect plotted. Approximate pointwise confidence intervals based on the standard error can also be shown. 

Figure 10. Main effect plots of applied voltage (b) on average fiber diameter [55].

Main Effects Plot (fitted means) for void content... 

Figure 8. Main effects plot for horizontal sections.

Main Effects Plot is used to plot data when there are multiple faetors. The points in the plot are the means of the response variable at the various levels of eaeh factor, with a reference line drawn at the grand mean of the response data. 

Fig. 6.12. Effect plots of five factors on a combined response formed by the resolution and the analysis time (adapted from [46]).

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