Effects of minor components

Minor or trace components derived from raw materials, fuel, refractories or other plant materials, or added deliberately, can affect the reactions of clinker formation, or the properties of the product, or both. Their effects can be beneficial or harmful. Beneficial effects include acceleration of the clinkering reactions or lowering of the temperature at which they occur, or increase in the reactivity of the product leading to more rapid strength development. Harmful effects include decrease in alite content, volatilization in the kiln with consequent formation of kiln rings or other deposits, decrease in the durability of concrete made with the cement, or the introduction of poisonous elements. Some elements have beneficial effects at low concentrations and harmful ones at higher concentrations. Bucchi (B33,B28) reviewed some of the effects on the manufacturing process. 

The first 11 minor components of raw mixes, in sequence of decreasing median concentration, are MgO, K2O, SO3, Na20, Ti02, Mn203, P2O5, SrO, fluorides, chlorides, and Cr203 (B27). 

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The chemical and behavioral aspects of the sex pheromones of several forest defoliating insects of economic importance in eastern Canada are presented, with emphasis on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Studies conducted over several years in New Brunswick on the use of pheromones as potential control agents, using in particular the air permeation technique to effect mating disruption, are discussed. The identification and the behavioral effects of minor components of the spruce budworm pheromone system are presented and the potential exploitation of their behavioral roles in the mating sequence in terms of control strategies are addressed. 

Effect of Minor Components on Milk Fat Crystallization and Rheology... 

Wright, A.J., Marangoni, A.G. 2003. The effect of minor components on milk fat microstructure and mechanical properties. J. Food Sci. 68, 182-186. 

Thus biodiesel is a better lubricity enhancer than its parent vegetable oil because of the presence of high-lubricity species, some of which, such as monoacylglycerols, can arise during biodiesel production. Biodiesel is required at levels such as 2% for lubricity enhancement in order to achieve a sufficient additive level of high-lubricity materials in petrodiesel. Table 1.17 gives data showing the effect of minor components of biodiesel on its lubricity. 

To be able to relate the results of this study to the phenomena of boiler deposits it is necessary to look at the mineralogy of deposits. Table X is a comparison of the crystalline phases observed in deposits from six utility boilers with the primary phase predicted from the quaternary system. Three deposits are of western type and three are of eastern type. The normalized compositions of the deposits have been included in the Table and plotted on the appropriate plane of the equilibrium system. In the case of the western type deposits the quaternary systan correctly predicts the primary phase. This was also the case for the eastern type deposits except for Ironbridge where iron spinel was the primary phase whereas anorthite was predicted. This anomaly may be due to the presence of significant amount of ferric iron and the effect of minor components. Nevertheless the system CaO-FeO-Al2O -SiO2 appears to govern the crystallization of coal ash deposits to a significant extent. 

DHA (n-3) (Owens, 1999). Thus, some inconsistent results have been obtained so far regarding the effect of n-3 fatty acid deficiency on neurotransmitter and receptor levels in different brain regions. Different experimental conditions, particularly the possible effects of minor components in some vegetable oils used (Miyazaki, 1998 Kameyama, 1996), may have obscured the results. 

Normand, L. (1998) The Effect of Minor Components on the Frying Stability of Regular and Modified Vegetable Oils. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Manitoba. 

The reactivity of limestones with respect to the reaction with sulfur dioxide varies markedly. For example, for a given fluidised bed combustor, the Ca S stoichiometric ratio required to achieve a 90 % reduction in sulfur emission at atmospheric pressure, varies from 2 to 5. The reasons for such a variation are not understood, but are likely to include decrepitation, catalytic effects of minor components such as iron, and the structure of the limestone and lime [12.12]. Laboratory test methods have been developed for predicting the performance of sorbents [12.13,12.14]. 

The Effects of Minor Components on the Gas Separation Performance of Polymeric Membranes for Carbon... 

Figure 11.1 Langmuir affinity constants (h) for a range of gases in various polymeric membranes relative to gas critical temperature. Reprinted with permission from Separation Purification Reviews, Effects of minor components in carbon dioxide capture using polymeric gas separation membranes, by Scholes, C. A., S. E. Kentish, and C. W. Stevens, 38 1-44, Copyright (2009) Taylor and Francis...

This chapter has provided a range of mathematical models that can be used to characterize the effects of minor components on membrane performance. However, the quantity of good experimental data that can be used to fit these models remains quite limited. Good characterization of membrane performance in both pre-combustion and post-combustion flue gases will require accurate experimentally based determination of parameters such as Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, Langmuir constants and plasticization potentials. 

Wright, AJ, RW Hartel, SS Narine, AG Marangoni. (2000). The effect of minor components on milk fat crystallization. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77 463-475. 

The Effect of Minor Components on Milkfat Crystallization, Microstructure, and Rheological Properties... 

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