Effect of current density

INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE EUEL CELL.7-1 

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Fig. 13.2 Linear plats of the effect of current density an the porasity, expressed as p.p.m. Cu, for three different gald-plating baths. The numbers next ta each point show the actual average thickness Orm) for each test. Bath A was a proprietary alkaline cyanide bath using silver as a brightener. Bath D was an acid gold bath containing cobalt and an ethylenediamine tetraacetic...

Figure 14. Charge-discharge curves for the upper plateau in the LirSi system inside a matrix of the Li2 f)Sn phase at 415 °C. The upper panel shows the effect of current density, whereas the lower panel shows that the potential overshoot related to the nucleation of the second phase is mostly eliminated if the electrode is not cycled to the ends of the plateau (441.

Effects of current density(I) on the recovery of copper in the reactor can be seen in Fig. 5. As can be seen, the value of R increased gradually with increasing ciurent density, since the mass transfer rate of copper ion is proportional to the current density. Effects of amount of fluidized particles on the recovery of copper can be seen in Fig. 6. Note that the addition of a small amount of fluidized particles (W=1.0wt.%) to the reactor could increase the copper recovery up to 10 25%. It has been mderstood that the contacting of fluidized solid particles with the cathode plate could clean the siuface as well as decrease the diffusion layer of copper ion, which results in the increases of reaction rate and current efficiency, thus, the recovery of copper could be increased. 

Eng used the galvanostatic deposition of monodisperse polystyrene particles onto a RCE from an acidic copper sulfate to test her theoretical predictions. The particle deposition was found to increase with current density. The increase was greatest at a rotation speed of 615 rpm, and lower at higher and lower rotation speeds. The effect of current density on particle deposition is predicted using her MEIPET boundary conditions but the effect of the rotation speed cannot be explained. 

Figure 6. Effect of current density on PS formation rate, after Arita and Sunahama.7...

Tab. 5.23 The effect of current density of the yield and conductivity of polythiophene.

Tab. 6.5. Effects of ultrasound in Chromium(VI) plating (a) effect of concentration on plating efficiency (b) effect of concentration on plating hardness (c) effect of current density on plating efficiency (d) effect of current density on mist emission (e) effect of ultrasonic power on emissions.

Luzardo-Alvarez, A., M.B. Delgado-Charro, J. Blanco-Mendez. 2001. Iontophoretic delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride Effect of current density and vehicle formulation. Pharm Res 18 (12) 1714. 

Figure 4. Effect of current density on voltage evolution during cold start from —30° C with initial membrane water content of /.j = 6.2. (reproduced with permission from Tajiri et al.18)...

ED appears to be an inefficient method to recover free citric acid because of its low electric conductivity (Novalic et al., 1995). As it is converted into the monovalent (at pH ca. 3), divalent (at pH ca. 5), or trivalent (at pH about 7) citrate anion, there is a significant increase in the electric conductivity (%), the latter increasing from 0.95 to 2.18 and to 3.9 S/m, respectively, in the case of an aqueous solution containing 50 kg/m3 of citric acid equivalent (Moresi and Sappino, 1998). By increasing the pH from 3 to 7, e reduced about eight times, the solute flux (JB) practically doubled, while the overall water transport (/w) increased 3-4 times. The latter partly counterbalanced the greater effectiveness of the electrodialytic concentration of citric acid at pH 7 with respect to that at pH 3. Table XV presents a summary of the effect of current density ( j) on the main performance indicators of the electrodialytic recovery of the monovalent, divalent, or trivalent ionic fractions of citric acid (Moresi and Sappino, 1998). All the mean values or empirical correlations of the earlier indicators were useful to evaluate the economic feasibility of this separation technique (Moresi and Sappino, 2000). 

FIG. 3.12. The effect of current density on the constant of integration C at injected charge density P(0) = 1018 cm-3. Since voltage increases with J, C increases with applied voltage also. The values of the other parameters are the same as given in Fig. 3.11 [44]. 

Gyory, J.R. Phipps, J.B. Effect of current density and current duration on the membrane resistance of skin. In Transdermal Administration, A Case Study, Iontophoresis, APGI/CRS European Symposium, Couvreur, P., Duchene, D., Green, P., Junginger, H.E., Eds. 3-4 March 1997 Paris, France Editions de Sante Paris, 1997 262-265. 

Gupta, S.K. Southam, M. Sathyan, G. Klausner, M. Effect of current density on pharmacokinetics following continuous or intermittent input from a fentanyl electrotransport system. J. Pharm. Sci. 1998, 87, 976-981. 

Delgado-Charro, M.B. Rodriguez-Bayon, A.M. Guy, R.H. Iontophoresis of nafarelin effects of current density and concentration on electrotransport in vitro. J. Controlled Release 1995, 35, 35-40. 

FIGURE 8.14. Effect of current density on rate of PS formation. After Arita and Sunahama. (Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)... 

Figure 2.8 Map ofthe effect of current density and film thickness on microstructure development that is representative of copper deposition from a simple acid cupric sulfate solution (source Ref. [165]).

Mechanisms describing the formation of holes of this type are based on the amplification of electrode surface coarseness52,53 in diffusion-controlled electrodeposition and to the tip54 and edge55 effects of current density distribution at electrode surface. More about these mechanisms can be found in Ref.13... 

Marquis EA, Tahn AA, Kelly JJ, Goods SH, Michael JR (2006) Effects of current density on the structure of Ni and Ni-Mn electrodeposits. J Appl Electrochem 36 669-676... 

The effect of current density on the structure of electrodeposits has been investigated in a special trapezoidal cell with a purposely nonuniform current distribution known as the Hull cell... 

The shape and typical dimensions of this cell are shown in Figure 26.24 [94]. Due to the nonuniform primary current distribution on the inclined cathode (with a local current density that decreases with increasing anode-cathode separation distance), a single electroplating experiment is used to study the effect of current density on deposit morphology (and deposit composition, for the case of alloy plating). 

Do, J. S., and Y. L. Do, Indirect Aniodic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol in the Presence of Phase-Transfer Catalyst in a CSTER Effect of Current Density, Organic-to-Aqueous Volume Ration and Concentration of Phase-Transfer Catalyst Electrochimica Acta, 39, 2311 (1994). 

Deposition process parameters are known to affect the properties of copper films. These process parameters include applied current density and additives in the bath chemistry, as well as the concentrations of these additives (1). Our focus in this work was to investigate the effect of current density on the self-annealing behavior of copper. Blanket copper films deposited at higher current densities were found to change more over time than those deposited at lower current densities. Films deposited at low current densities contain more impurities than those deposited at high current densities. Resistivity transients for a blanket film were compared and found to be similar to copper electrodeposited in lines. 

If it were not for this limitation imposed by polarization, each stage of an electrodialysis unit could be designed to operate at the economic optimum current density. The curves of Figure 1 show the effect of current density on the costs of demineralization. The economic optimum current density is that which... 

Fig. 16, Illustration of two theoretical models for effect of current density. Hz on Pt in 1.0iVH2SO4 at 1 atm (G3).

Effect of current density on the gas release is shown in Fig. 3. It is seen that gas release rate increases at higher current densities as expected. At higher current densities gas penetrate at lateral direction mainly because of increase in lateral gas velocities. It is seen that the hydrogen release rate is not proportional to increase in the current density. This is result of accumulation of ion concentration of gas on the electrodes which adversely affects the chemical reaction rate. 

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