Effective charge parameter

Similar curves can be obtained for other samples and a generalization was tried. The acidic form of the pectins was taken as a reference since it was shown that only one conformation exists whatever is the level and pattern of esterification. In an other hand the degree of neutralization was substituted by the effective charge parameter (o x X ) by neglecting the autodissociation of the polyacid. A master curve can therefore be drawn where all the experimental points fall (Figure 5) and where the transition for the calcium pectinates occur for values of the charge parameter higher than... 

Figure 5. Dependence of the ratio differential extinction coefficient/differential extinction coefficient of the pectinic acids with the effective charge parameter ( ) The numbers refer to the samples (Cf. Table I).

With monovalent counterions, in the theory of Manning, the effective charge parameter goes to a limit =1 as a consequence, for all the values of A > 1, a fraction... 

The effective CF models, intended to include covalence effects via effective charges and shielding parameters [46] (superposition model [47], effective charge model [48], simple overlap model [49, 50]), keep the radial (M-L distance) dependence of the CF parameters as in the simple (point charge) electrostatic model. Dedicated studies have shown, however, that the radial dependence of these parameters deviates strongly from the latter for the whole series of lanthanide ions [51, 52]. 

Thus, in the present approach, the major focus is on the question of how we can influence the external parameters like solvent and counterion and the intrinsic structural parameters within the systems A-l-A to force the electron-hopping process into the timescale of the experiment, or at least to establish clearly the borderline cases. That we are still looking at an electron-hopping process in the case of effective charge delocalization over the entire molecule and not at a pure resonance phenomenon may be reassured by VIS/NIR spectroscopy of the neutral and charged species the absorption of a single chromophore should be detected unless a very fast process > 1012 Hz is taking place. 

Some sources such as the tri-service manual (Ref. 30) include sets of blast parameter curves for spherical free-air explosions and separate sets of curves for hemispherical surface burst explosions. This is superfluous except at very small scaled distances, because the free-air curves can be used for both situations by simply using a higher effective charge weight for surface bursts. 

In Eq. (7), X is an auxiliary parameter, u is the linear velocity of the mobile phase, Cc is critical concentration of the displacing salt, Z is the effective charge on the solute ion divided by the charge on the mobile phase ion and B is the gradient steepness. 

A2g transitions, respectively. Besides being able to correlate jS with oscillator strength,/, of transitions the values may be employed 42) to evaluate the effective charges on the Cr(III) ions in various complexes. Fig. 4 provides plots of the effective metal charge vs. /3, the nephelauxetic parameter and B, the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter for chromium(III). Jorgensen... 

Figure 16 Ionization of water vapor by 150-keV H° particles. The e and H° impact data are from Refs. 38 and 67, and the parameters for the Rudd model are from Ref. 36. The dotted line is discussed in the text under the section on effective charge.

Figure 19 The upper portion of the figure shows the effective charge of the He" projectile as a function of the ejected electron energy that is obtained from the experiment [68], Born theory [70], and the model of Toburen et al. [71]. The lower portion of the figure is the same data, but plotted in terms of the impact parameter. The impact parameter is obtained using the relationship between projectile velocity, energy loss, and impact parameter defined by the Massey criterion. (See the text and Ref 71 for details.)...

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