Effect of Composition Ratio

Returning to sequential IPNs, at low percentages of polymer II one intuitively expects the domain size of polymer II to increase with the quantity of that polymer incorporated. For midrange and higher concentrations, however, the relationship becomes more complicated. 

Yenwo et studied the variation of the domain size with both 

The crosslink density of network I is determined by the NCO/OH ratio. Theoretically, the minimum value to form a continuous network is near 

The total effect remains unclear, however. For sequential IPNs based on PEA/PS, Huelck et found slight Increases in domain size as the composition ranged from 75/25 to 25/75. Unfortunately, at the latter composition the cellular structure was somewhat broken down and the dimensions uncertain. 

Similar changes were observed by Allen as their PU/PMMA 

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Effects of composition ratios and process parameters in silica precursors The synthesis route of silica membranes is schematically given in the upper part of Fig. 8.25. Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) is not hydrolysed directly in water. To obtain a better control, the hydrolysis and condensation reaction rates were decreased by first diluting the TEOS in alcohol (ethanol) and then adding to this mixture a water-acid (HNO3) mixture dropwise under vigorous stirring. The mixture was kept for 3 h at 86°C under reflux conditions. Note that even with this procedure locally and for short times a relative large water excess exists in the reaction zone. 

The effect of compositional ratio of TiC on the evaporation rate of the films on the Mo substrate was examined by heating for 40 min in the temperature range 1873-2273 K in a vacuum of 5 X 10" torr. The compositional ratio, x = C/Ti, was determined from the EPMA measurement. The results are shown in Fig. 13, where TiC films on graphites formed by the CVD process were taken as a reference. The weight loss of the films became larger with deviation of the compositional ratio from stoichiometry. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the existence of free Ti was recognized in the films whose composition deviated from stoichiometry. 

Experiments were conducted with a dual catalyst chain shuttling system in a continuous solution polymerization reactor. A series of ethylene-octene copolymers of similar melt index were produced with a composition of ca. 30% (by weight) hard and 70% soft blocks. The level of DEZ was systematically varied to study the effects of CSA ratio on polymer microstructure. 

Effect of aspect ratio R on fracture toughness of SiC(w)-Si3N4 composites. 

Effect of Compositional Nonuniformities on the Unifying Ability of Characteristic Time Ratios to Analyze the Dynamic State of Reactions Figure 11.10, plotting the dimensionless initial reactant concentration as a function of the Damkohler number, Da = ties/tr for both batch and continuous reactors. This analysis assumes a well-mixed reacting system, (a) What will the effects of poor mixing be and how will they influence this analysis (b) What is the maximum allowable striation thickness between the reacting species for the system to be considered well mixed ... 

Theoretical frozen composition expansion performance of hydrogen/oxygen showing the effect of expansion ratio on optimum mixture ratio. Chamber pressure, Pc =... 

Figure 1.4a and 6 shows the effect of composition on the activity coefficient ratio. According to Eq. (1.12), this ratio represents the main effect of composition on relative volatility. When a system shows positive deviations, relative volatility decreases as the concentration of the MVC increases, The reverse applies for negative-deviation systems. 

FIGURE 6-10 Effect of reactivity ratios on the copolymer composition as a function of feed concentration. 

The effect of composition, the nature, and the ratios of the constituents on the properties of paints, are factors of utmost importance in paint formulations. An indication of likely service environment, life expectancy of the coatings, method of application, color, surface finish, drying time, and cost are also taken into consideration. All of this information. 

Takahashi R, Nassar BA, Huang YS, Begin ME, and Horrobin DF. (1987). Effect of different ratios of dietary n-6 and n-3 fritty acids on fatty acid composition, prostagtandin Axmation, and platelet aggregation in the rat Thromb. Res. 47,135. 

Effect of Phase Ratio. The effect of phase ratio of discontinuous phase over continuous phase on the viscosity of the emulsion is shown in Figure 15. Continous and discontinuous phase composition and viscosity are constant in each experiment. With increasing phase ratio, the viscosity of the emulsion increases because of the increasing of the amount of water droplets. 

Fig. 16.11 Effects of composition (a), PLA/PGA weight ratio (b), AOT concentration (c), molar ratio of water to AOT, R (d), and water pH (e) on the percentage of active KGF released from a given formulation. 125 formulations were selected at random amongst the 2,500 that were printed and screened. The pure PGA formulations behave much like the pure PLA formulations...

Fig. 6. (A) Effect of composition of a binary soivent mixture on the apparent Chi a Aotal chlorophyli moiar ratio in extracts of spinach leaf tissue (0) and chloroplasts ( ). (B) relationship between the Chi a/Chl a molar ratio and the Chi a/P700 molar ratio for a number of P700-enriched subchloroplast particles by chloroform extraction (o) and by acetone extraction ( ). The solid line ciosest to the open circles is for Chi aVP700=1 and that nearest the filled circles for Chi aVP700= 2. See text for details. Figure source (A) Watanabe, Kobayashi, Maeda, Oba, Yoshida, Van de Meent and Amesz (1992) Function of the C13 -epimer chlorophylls in type I photosystem reaction centers. In N Murata (ed) Research In Photosynthesis, Vol III 4. Kluwer Acad PubI (B) Maeda, Watanabe, Kobayashi and Ikegami (1992) Presence of two chlorophyll a molecules at the core of photosystem I. Biochim Biophys Acta 1099 78.

The propane-butane equimolar mixture of Example 3.1 at 38°C and 590 kPa is fed at a rate of 100 kmol/h at the bottom stage of a two-stage distillation column as in Figure 3.3. The liquid rate, ij, is specified at 50 kmol/h, and it is desired to determine the effect of reflux ratio, L /Vy, on the products composition and stage temperatures. 

The complete definition of column performance when the number of stages and feed location are fixed requires two specifications (Section 5.2.2). In studying the effect of reflux ratio on separation, other parameters, including product rates, are assumed constant. In Y-X graphical representation, a fixed product rate is implied by fixing the 7-line slope. This slope depends on the feed thermal conditions at feed tray temperature and pressure (Section 5.2.2). The column pressure is fixed, but its temperature depends on the product rates. Therefore, in order to maintain a fixed product rate, the (/-line slope must be held constant. The actual product rates corresponding to a given (/-line slope are calculated by material balance once the product compositions have been determined. 

In the present study, synthetic analcites having fixed Al/Si ratios of 2/3, 1/2, and 1/3 were subjected to ion exchange with a series of cations of various size, charge, and polarizability to fix limits of crystalline solubility and to determine the effects of compositional change on structure. Structure data as a function of temperature and pH2o (to be presented in a future publication) are available in a doctoral thesis by Balgord (2). 

Hence calculating / -values with an EOS model consists of determining the ratio of the fiigacity coefficients. The essential difference with the equation (6.4) is that besides T and P the fiigacity coefficients incorporate the effect of composition. 

Figure 23 shows the effect of composition variations, i.e. deviations from stoichiometry and variations in the Ni Fe ratio, on the creep resistance of (Ni,Fe)Al. It can be seen that the creep resistance decreases with decreasing Al content, i.e. increasing deviation from stoichiometry. As already noted in the preceding section, deviations from stoichiometry introduce constitutional disorder, i.e. point defects which increase the diffusion coefficient... 

Effects of Composition. Reactivity ratio studies of the NaAMPS-AMPDAC pair showed high alternation as expected for ion-paired systems (i, 33). The acrylamide functionality of both monomers would also be expected to terpolymerize well with acrylamide. Therefore, the series of ter-polymers shown in Table II was prepared. Molecular weights, second virial coefficients, and intrinsic viscosities at 25 °C in 1.0 M NaCl solutions are given in Table III. The numbers following the AD AS AM acronym represent... 

In this work, we studied the deactivation of Mg-Al mixed oxides in the gas phase oligomerization of acetone. We prepared and characterized calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcites with Mg/Al atomic ratios of 1-9. The effect of composition on both the surface and catalytic properties and the catalyst deactivation was investigated by combining several characterization methods with catalytic data. 

El-Kadi H, EUyin F. Effect of stress ratio on the fatigue of unidirectional fiberglass-epoxy composite laminae. Composites 1994 25(10) 917—24. 

Figure 6.8 Effects of hybridizing ratio and constituent composites on center deflection of intraply hybrid composite beams...

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