Effect color travel

The aluminum flakes can be coated with aluminum oxide and/or silicon dioxide in the liquid phase before the CVD process to reduce the reactivity of the metal and to create multilayer color effects. These pigments show strong angle-dependent coloristic effects (color travel) [5.158]. Metal halogenides are difficult to use as gas-phase precursors for metal oxide coating because of the reactivity of the metal flakes and the corrosion of steel in chloride atmospheres. The use of TiCU and water vapor was described about ten years ago. However, no commercial products have, as yet, been introduced. 

Pearl luster pigments are used to obtain pearl, iridescent (rainbow), or metaUic effects, and in transparent color formulations to obtain briUiance or two-tone color, luster flops, and color travel effects (changing with viewing angle). The most important appUcations are plastics, industrial coatings, printing inks, cosmetics, and automotive paints. 

Special effect pigments are used as colorants or part of color formulations for all systems where traditional pigments are applied, but where additional color depth, brilliance, iridescence, color travel, and other spectacular effects are required [5.122, 5.123]. Mica-based pigments dominate their combination of pearl and interference effects, brilliance, stability and behavior in different application systems is as yet unsurpassed. Pearl luster pigments require transparent or at least translucent binders. Formulations with absorption pigments have to take their transparency and color mixing rules into account... 

Only some figures for the set of 100 realizations with a standard deviation of 0.6 are shown. Figure 6 shows the cumulative distributions of flow resistances obtained with the one hundred realizations, flow in the upscaled fields (darker color) travels faster than in the small-scale fields, basically due to the smearing effect of upscaling. 

The widespread dispersal of Pinatubo aerosol led to many spectacular optical effects in the atmosphere, including vividly colored sunsets and sunrises, crepuscular rays and a hazy, whitish appearance to the Sun. These phenomena occurred as the aerosol veil absorbed and scattered sunlight. An objective measure of the fraction of solar energy removed as it travels down through an aerosol layer is the optical depth, t, defined by the relationship between the initial irradiance, Iq, at the top of the layer, and the radiation received at the bottom of the layer, I ... 

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