Economics compound interest

In an economic evaluation of a project, it is often necessary to evaluate the present value of funds that will be received at some definite time in the future. The present value (PV) of a future amount can be considered as the present principal at a given rate and compounded to give the actual amount received at a future date. The relationship between the indicated future amount and the present value is determined by a discount factor. Discounting evaluates each year s flow on an equal basis. It does this by means of the discount, or present value factor, and the reciprocal of the compound interest factor (1 -(- i)" with... 

In the petrochemical industry the introduction of unsaturations in hydrocarbons is mainly obtained by dehydrogenation. This kind of reaction is less suitable for the functionalization of fine chemicals, because the high temperature necessary for the endothermic reaction can lead to the decomposition of thermally unstable compounds. An alternative reaction consists in the oxidative dehydrogenation, that can be carried out at lower temperatiu es. An example of this kind of reaction is constituted by the synthesis of methacrylic add (MAA, intermediate of methylmethacrylate production) via the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutyric add (IBA), itself obtained from isobutyraldehyde (by-product of the oxo synthesis of nbutyraldehyde from propylene). This process constitutes one of the economically most interesting routes, alternative to the acetone-cyanohydrin process, which nowadays is the predominant process for the MAA production. 

One of the economically most interesting C2 oxygenates is glycol, and many speculations are related to this compound much effort has been... 

Be able to compute approximate profitability measures, such as return on investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), venture profit (VP), and annualized cost (C ). These measures provide a snapshot view of the economic goodness, usually in the third year of operation. They do not include the time value of money, that is, compound interest. 

Metal compounds, particularly compounds of the heavy metals, have a history of importance as antimicrobial agents. Because of regulations regarding economic poisons in the environment they are no longer widely used in this appHcation. Mercury, lead, cadmium, uranium, and other metals have been imphcated in cases of poisoning that resulted in government response. The metals whose compounds have been of primary interest as antimicrobials are mercury, silver, and copper. 

With the discovery of the crowns and related species, it was inevitable that a search would begin for simpler and simpler relatives which might be useful in similar applications. Perhaps these compounds would be easier and more economical to prepare and ultimately, of course, better in one respect or another than the molecules which inspired the research. In particular, the collateral developments of crown ether chemistry and phase transfer catalysis fostered an interest in utilizing the readily available polyethylene glycol mono- or dimethyl ethers as catalysts for such reactions. Although there is considerable literature in this area, much of it relates to the use of simple polyethylene glycols in phase transfer processes. Since our main concern in this monograph is with novel structures, we will discuss these simple examples further only briefly, below. 

The most important nitride of Si is Si3N4 this is formed by direct reaction of the elements above 1300 or more economically by heating Si02 and coke in a stream of N2/H2 at 1500". The compound is of considerable interest as an engineering material since it is almost completely inert chemically, and retains its strength, shape and resistance to corrosion and wear even above 1000°. ° Its great hardness (Mohs 9), high... 

Phenol is the starting material for numerous intermediates and finished products. About 90% of the worldwide production of phenol is by Hock process (cumene oxidation process) and the rest by toluene oxidation process. Both the commercial processes for phenol production are multi step processes and thereby inherently unclean [1]. Therefore, there is need for a cleaner production method for phenol, which is economically and environmentally viable. There is great interest amongst researchers to develop a new method for the synthesis of phenol in a one step process [2]. Activated carbon materials, which have large surface areas, have been used as adsorbents, catalysts and catalyst supports [3,4], Activated carbons also have favorable hydrophobicity/ hydrophilicity, which make them suitable for the benzene hydroxylation. Transition metals have been widely used as catalytically active materials for the oxidation/hydroxylation of various aromatic compounds. 

The list of elements and their species listed above is not exhaustive. It is limited to the relatively simple compounds that have been determined by an important number of laboratories specializing in speciation analysis. Considering the economic importance of the results, time has come to invest in adequate CRMs. There is a steadily increasing interest in trace element species in food and in the gastrointestinal tract where the chemical form is the determinant factor for their bioavailability (Crews 1998). In clinical chemistry the relevance of trace elements will only be fully elucidated when the species and transformation of species in the living system have been measured (ComeUs 1996 Cornelis et al. 1998). Ultimately there will be a need for adequate RMs certified for the trace element species bound to large molecules, such as proteins. 

The two indicators used in Example 10-5 give different answers. The Proceeds per Dollar of Outlay procedure is obviously wrong. It would take 12.5 years to pay off the investment for plant 1. If the 15,000,000 pretax profit available at the end of year 4 were invested at 7% interest, the accumulated interest would have exceeded 10,800,000 before plant 1 was paid for. In other words, the total profit for plant 1 would exceed 25,800,000 before plant 2 showed a profit. This is more than the total profit made by plant 2 during its whole life. If the 15,000,000 profit of plant 1 were invested for 21 years at 7% compounded annually, the total interest would amount to 47,100,000 or the total earnings would be 62,100,000. If after plant 2 were paid off die profits were invested at 7% per year, the interest would amount to 8,900,000 or a total pretax profit of 33900,000 25 years after the plant startup. This is 28,200,000 less than that earned in the same amount of time by plant 1. This shows that for this example the Annual Proceeds per Dollar of Outlay is a better economic indicator. 

Another interesting issue is the possibility of creating optically active compounds with racemic catalysts. The term chiral poisoning has been coined for the situation where a chiral substance deactivates one enantiomer of a racemic catalyst. Enantiomerically pure (R,R)-chiraphos rhodium complex affords the (iS )-methylsuccinate in more than 98% ee when applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of a substrate itaconate.109 An economical and convenient method... 

Chemical companies can now afford to test routinely all new compounds at an early stage of development so that mutagens can be identified before there is a large economic Interest in the compound. 

If an interesting activity is described, larger quantities (10-100 kg) of the plant material are collected, from which chemists purify and characterize the active principle. The active principle is known as a lead compound . Chemists will then usually attempt to modify the lead compound in order to render it more therapeutically useful (e.g. make it more potent, or perhaps increase its hydrophobicity so that it can pass through biological membranes). This is then subjected to further pre-clinical trials, and chemists determine whether an economically feasible method, allowing the drug s chemical synthesis, can be developed. 

---