Earthquakes, historical data

Areas are excluded where historical data indicate earthquakes of intensity X or higher on the MercaUi-Cancani-Sieberg scale. Historical data may be completed by seismotectonic studies in order to determine if the areas without such historical earthquakes are in any case susceptible to originate them in the future and should therefore be excluded. 

Natural disasters such as earthquakes and wildfires must also be considered as to their possibility and history. The U.S. Geological Survey can provide real time assessments of earthquakes and provide historical data as to likelihood and severity. In reality, we make a general plan based upon the possibility that it could occur. Earthquakes are a possibility in many regions and should be standard components in response planning. 

Safety reassessment has shown, for certain French sites, an underestimation of the level of SMHV equivalent to the maximum historical earthquake recorded (or estimated from historical data) in the "seismotectonic province" of the site. Furthermore, two types of earthquakes are considered ... 

Details about the occurrence, magnitude and effects of earthquakes through time can be obtained by carrying out long-term seismic monitoring. In the absence of suitable instrumental data, the seismic history of an area may be established by interpretation of historical, archaeological and geological evidence. 

Results of geological surveys of the region surrounding the site, historical information on the occurrence of earthquakes in the region, and palaeoseismic data should be used to derive the SL-2 earthquake for the site, as indicated in IAEA Safety Series No. 50-SG-Sl (Rev. 1). The SL-2 earthquake should be used to establish the design basis earthquake (DBE) for the nuclear power plant. 

Rucker JD, Nitani TN (2010) Historical earthquake catalogues and archaeological data achieving synthesis without circular reasoning. In Sintubin M, Stewart IS, Niemi TM, Altunel E (eds) Ancient earthquakes, Geological Society of America special paper, 471. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp 97—106... 

Typically, the seismicity is interpreted using a specified relationship between magnitude and likelihood of occurrence and is called recurrence relationship, which indicates the average rate at which an earthquake of a particular magnitude, M, will be exceeded as shown in Fig. 6. Such relationships are determined from regression analysis of historical earthquake data. The most popular is Gutenberg-Richter model which is a rather simple mathematical formulation that is reliable for intermediate scale events but may be insufficient for small or for large earthquakes thus, more advanced models have been proposed (Kramer 1996). 

The extensive data requirements for a CGE model present a significant limitation to the more widespread application in earthquake economic impact assessment. In addition to all of the data requirements of a typical lO model, a CGE model requires the input of numerous behavioral functions and substitution parameters. Parameter estimation is also often based on data from historic behavior under business-as-usual conditions, and such behavior may be ill suited to describing behavior following a seismic event. Although some advancements have been made toward refinement of model parameters to better suit disaster analysis (Rose and Liao 2005), the examples of such work are still relatively few. 

Mechanisms of Earthquakes in Iceland, Fig. 5 Tjomes Fracture Zone, epicenters 1994—2006, and suggested sources of historical earthquakes since 1755. Fissure swarms are from Einarsson and Sasmundsson (1987), seismic data are from the Icelandic... 

In conclusion, paleoseismological trenching, the direct observation method of historical earthquakes, provides both the exact location and history of the fault. Exposing faulted modem (or Holocene) sediments in suitable environments gives invaluable information about surface-mpturing earthquakes for a few hundreds to thousands of years. These paleoseismic data are very important in the planning of urban and industrial settlements and, most importantly, in providing a safer life for mankind. 

Source definition. Use geologic data and historical earthquake record to define the locations and dimensimis of earthquake sources. 

Historic seismicity from earthquake catalog, including completeness and homogeneity Strong motion recorded raw and analyzed data and interpreted results... 

Guidoboni E, Comastri A, Mariotti D, Ciuccarelli C, Bianchi MG (2012) Ancient and medieval earthquakes in the area of L Aquila (northwestern Abruzzo, central Italy), A.D. 1-1500 a critical revision of the historical and archaeological data. Bull Seismol Soc Am 102(4) 1600-1617... 

---