EAD COMPOUNDS

I ead Compounds - Includes any unique chemical substance that contains lead as part of that chemical s infrastructure. 

Volatiles and cuticular extracts from both sexes of the currant stem girdler, Janus integer, were analyzed by GC-EAD using antenna ofboth sexes. A female specific compound, (9Z)-octadec-9-en-4-olide 7, was identified as active only on male antennas [33]. Separation by chiral GC has shown that only one enantiomer is produced in females. The synthesis ofboth enantiomers has recently been described [34] and the field testing results are forthcoming. 

Flowers of some orchids mimic both the appearance and sex pheromone of virgin females of certain species of bees or wasps. This sexual deception results in pollination by male hymenoptera that would not normally visit flowers. Japanese honey bee drones (Apis cerana japonica) cluster on the oriental orchid (Cymbidiumpumilum) while on their mating flights [ 134]. By comparing volatile profiles of orchids and the female hymenoptera they mimic, or by GC-EAD and GC-MS analysis of orchid volatiles, several compounds have been identified that may mediate this attraction for the solitary bee Andrena nigroaenea [135, 136] and the scoliid wasp Campsoscolia ciliata [135]. 

Fig. 4 Gas chromatographic traces of extracts from females of the pale brown chafer Phyl-lopertha diversa monitored by a conventional detector, flame-ionization detector (FID), and a biosensor, electroantennographic detector (EAD), using a male antenna as the sensing element. Although the peak of the sex pheromone (arrow) is hardly seen in the FID trace, its pheromonal activity was initially indicated by the strong EAD peak. Structural elucidation, followed by synthesis and behavioral studies lead to the identification of an unusual sex pheromone, l,3-dimethyl-2,4-(lff,3ff)-quinazolinedione [124]. It is unlikely that this minor compound would be fished out by a bioassay-oriented isolation procedure...

Attractive Compounds. Pheromones of dermestid beetles were among the first ones identified from insects. Almost all have been described as one-component-systems , and re-investigations employing refined techniques, especially GC-EAD and sensitive GC-MS, may reveal the presence of additional and important compounds, which may lead to improved activity of synthetic lures, and under natural conditions may account for species specificity etc. 

Extracts of the summer chafer, Amphimallon solstitiale L. (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae), a common European scarab beetle were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-EAD. Both male and female extracts were shown to contain Acetoin — R) (5) > 9 1, as well as 2,3-butanediol — 2R, 3R) (25,35) meso =1 1 9. Although (25, 35)-butanediol did not show any activity, the other compounds elicited strong responses exclusively with male antennae. 

Volatiles and cuticular extracts of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinc-tus Norton (Hymenoptera Cephidae), were analyzed. The bifunctional 9-acetyloxynonanal gave the strongest EAD response. Additional EAD-active compounds included 13-acetyloxytridecanal, aldehydes with 9—16 carbon chain lengths, acids with 8—10 carbon chain lengths, and pheny-lacetic acid. The odor of phenylacetic acid was detected instantly by human... 

Pheromone gland extracts of the Australian guava moth, Coscinopty-cha improbana (Lepidoptera Carposinidae), contained four compounds that elicited responses from male moth antennae in GC-EAD analyses. These compounds, identified on the basis of GC-MS, were found to be (Z )-7-tricosene along with three monounsaturated ketones, namely (Z)-7-ocatadecen-ll-one, (Z )-7-nonadecen-l l-one and (Z )-7-tricosen-l l-one they were found in a ratio of 65 23-5 1-5 10 respectively. ... 

Coupled GC-EAD of both gland extracts and effluvial collections from female blueberry leafminer, Caloptilia porphyrectica Braun (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae), showed that females produce a single EAD-active compound. (A)-l 1 -hexadecenal was determined to be the sex pheromone based on comparison of the retention time of an authentic standard on both polar and non-polar capillary columns. Microreaction-GC-EAD analyses and field trapping results confirmed the identification. ... 

Simultaneous GC-EAD analyses of the extracts of the sex pheromone gland of the female bronzed cutworm, Nephelodes minians, indicated two compounds which eficited strong EAD responses from conspecific male antennae, (2 )-ll-hexadecenal and (2 )-ll-hexadecenyl acetate. Double bond positions were confirmed by the dimethyl disulfide derivatives of the pheromone component. In a field test, a 5 1 blend of aldehyde and ester attracted male N. minians. ... 

Extracts from the sex pheromone glands of the female Ostrinia latipen-nis (Lepidoptera Crambidae) revealed one EAD active compound novel to Ostrinia. It was identified as (E )- 1-tetradecenol. Field trapping experiments confirmed the attractiveness of this alcohol to males. 

Coupled GC-EAD detection analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed one EAD active compound produced by female Lymentra lucescens and by female L. serva (Lepidoptera Lymantriidae). This compound was identified as 2-methyl-(Z )-7-octadecene by the usual analytical techniques and by comparison with an authentic synthetic compound. 

Comparative GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS analyses of extracted Setora nitens (nettle caterpillars) compounds and authentic standards showed that the candidate pheromone components were ( )-9-dodecenal and (-Z)-9,11 dodecadienal. The other two EAD-active compounds were the corresponding alcohols of these aldehydes. ... 

GC-EAD analysis of thoracic extracts of the male green lacewing, Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister, showed that two compounds elicited response from conspecific male antennae 1-tridecene and (li , 25, 5R, 8i )-iridodial. Iri-dodial also attracted males of the goldeneyed lacewing, C oculata Say, and to a lesser extent, C. coloradensis Banks males. 

Two EAD-sensitive compounds, (5) -(- -)-2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenoic acid and (T)-2,6-dimethyl-6-octen-2-ol, of the male dung beetle Kheper subaeneus, were synthesized. ... 

United States Department of Energy. Depleted UFg Management Information Network. uranium/index.cfm> Information on uranium compounds. 

Amiot, M. T., Fleuriet, A., and Macheix, J. T. (1986). Importance and evolution of phenolic compounds in olive during growth and maturation. ]. Agric. Food Chem. 34, 823-826. Andrew, E. R., Bradbury, A., and Eades, R. G. (1958). Nudear magnetic resonance spectra from a crystal rotated at high speed. Nature 182,1659-1660. 

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