Dystonias

Botulinum neurotoxins are widely used as therapeutic agents to cause reduction or paralysis of skeletal muscle contraction. They are used to treat cervical dystonia, which causes regional involuntary muscle spasms often associated with pain. Moreover, they are used in strabism, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and... [Pg.248]

Among the most significant adverse reactions associated with the antipsychotic dm are the extrapyramidal effects. The term extrapyramidal effects refers to a group of adverse reactions occurring on the extrapyramidal portion of the nervous system as a result of antipsychotic drains. This part of the nervous system affects body posture and promotes smooth and uninterrupted movement of various muscle groups. Antipsychotics disturb the function of the extrapyramidal portion of the nervous system, causing abnormal muscle movement. Extrapyramidal effects include Parkinson-like symptoms (see Chap. 29), akathisia, and dystonia (see Display 32-1). [Pg.297]

Dystonia-fadal grimacing and twisting of the neck into unnatural positions... [Pg.297]

Q Impaired Verbal Communication related to drug-induced extrapyramidal effects (eg, dystonia)... [Pg.300]

Neurological signs nystagmus, miosis, blurred vision, tremor, slurred speech, dystonia, convulsion, amnesia, confusion, peripheral numbness... [Pg.233]

Phenothiazines may cause sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions), tardive dyskinesia (irreversible and permanent involuntary movements), and akathisia (motor restlessness or anxiety).1,21,22 Chronic phenothiazine use has been associated with EPS, but single doses have also caused these effects.23... [Pg.300]

Metoclopramide crosses the BBB and has centrally-mediated adverse effects. Young children and the elderly are especially susceptible to these effects, which include somnolence, reduced mental acuity, anxiety, depression, and EPS (akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia).30 The overall incidence of adverse effects is estimated to be 10% to 20%.1... [Pg.301]

Response fluctuations occur with disease progression as the patient s dopamine reserves are depleted in the brain and as a complication of PD treatment. Motor fluctuations include delayed peak response, early wearing off, random unpredictable on-off, and freezing. Dyskinesias include chorea, dystonia, and diphasic dyskinesia. Wearing off can be visualized by imagining the therapeutic window of dopamine narrowing over time. The therapeutic window is defined as the minimum effective concentration of dopamine required to control PD symptoms (on without dyskinesia) and the maximum concentration before experiencing side effects from too much dopamine (on with dyskinesia). Early in the disease, a dose of... [Pg.476]

B. Off period dystonia in the early morning (i.e., foot cramping)... [Pg.483]

Dyskinesia Abnormal involuntary movements, which include dystonia, chorea, and akathisia. [Pg.1565]

Dystonia A type of dyskinesia. The movement is slow and twisting. It may be associated with painful muscle contractions or spasms. [Pg.1565]

An increase in plethora and focal dystrophic changes in the endocrine system matches clinical observations of changes in adrenal and thyroid function, as well as changes in local and general vascular dystonia, all detected in humans poisoned by OCP. Morphological changes in the brain s nerve cells conform to information on the disruption of reflex activity in the early stages of OCP exposure. [Pg.43]

Bandmann O., Valente E., Holmans P. el al. (1998). Dopa-responsive dystonia a clinical and molecular genetic study. Ann. Neurol. 44, 649-56. [Pg.207]

Nygaard T., Marsden C., Duvoisin R. (1988). Dopa-responsive dystonia. Adv. Neurol. 50, 377-84. [Pg.218]

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