Dysphoria

Opioids G-protein coupled p-, 5-, k-receptors l cAMP l Ca2+ currents t K+ currents l Excitability of peripheral and central neurons l Release of excitatory neurotransmitters p, 5 sedation, nausea, euphoria/re-ward, respiratory depression, constipation k dysphoria/aversion, diuresis, sedation... 

They act as analgesics by inhibiting release of nociceptive neurotransmitters from primary afferent terminals as well as by depressing post-synaptic potentials on second order neurons. Opioid receptors are also present on some nociceptors and their expression and peripheral transport is increased upon peripheral inflammation. Peripheral opioid analgesia has been established in animal models. Although clinical studies have yielded mixed results so far, this field holds great promise. Despite side effects, such as euphoria, dysphoria, sedation, respiratory depression and obstipation and tolerance and dependence phenomena which arise upon... 

Delta Dysphoria, psychotomimetic effects (eg, hallucinations), respiratory and vasomotor stimulations caused by drugs with antagonist activity... 

Central nervous system-euphoria, drowsiness, apathy, mental confusion, alterations in mood, reduction in body temperature, feelings of relaxation, dysphoria (depression accompanied by anxiety), nausea, and vomiting are caused by direct stimulation of the emetic chemoreceptors located in the medulla. The degree to which these occur usually depends on the drug and the dose. 

An abstinence syndrome after long-term, low-dose treatment has also been described (Busto et al. 1986a Covi et al. 1973 Petursson and Lader 1981b Tyrer et al. 1981). Reported symptoms include muscle twitching, abnormal perception of movement, depersonalization or derealization, anxiety, headache, insomnia, diaphoresis, difficulty concentrating, tremor, fear, fatigue, lowered threshold to perception of sensory stimuh, and dysphoria. 

The clinician must be cautious in interpreting some of these symptoms (especially anxiety) in patients withdrawing from benzodiazepines. Anxiety fearfulness, and dysphoria may represent symptoms that were treated by the benzodiazepine and unmasked on withdrawal. 

Psychiatric signs euphoria, dysphoria, agitation, hallucinations, delusions, aggression, violence, bizarre behavior, schizophrenia-like body trip ... 

As the individual recovers from the crash phase, a period of anhedonia, dysphoria, and decreased mental and physical energy ensues (intermediate withdrawal phase). This phase can last from several days to weeks. 

Most common Drowsiness, euphoria, somnolence, vasodilation, vision difficulties, abnormal thinking, dysphoria... 

Within 1-4 hours Desire for sleep, dysphoria continues... 

Common adverse reactions seen with phentermine use include heart palpitations, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, stimulation, restlessness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria, dysphoria, tremor, headache, dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhea. Phentermine should be avoided in patients with unstable cardiac status, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, agitated states, or glaucoma. In combination with fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine, pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease have been reported. The risk of developing either serious adverse effect cannot be ruled out with use of phentermine alone. Since phentermine is related to the amphetamines, the... 

Use of diethylpropion for a period longer than 3 months is associated with an increased risk for development of pulmonary hypertension. When used as directed, reported common central nervous system adverse effects included overstimulation, restlessness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria, dysphoria, tremor, headache, jitteriness, anxiety, nervousness, depression, drowsiness, malaise, mydriasis, and blurred vision. In addition, diethylpropion can decrease seizure threshold, subsequently increasing a patient s risk for an epileptic event. Other organ systems also can adversely be affected, resulting in tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, palpitations, dry mouth, abdominal discomfort, constipation,... 

Unipolar disorder An affective disorder characterised by chronic dysphoria. The two contrasting forms of unipolar disorder are major depression and mania. 

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