Dynamics intracellular localization

On the other hand, translocation of the MYB transcription factor LCLl fused to pa-GFP from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and its intracellular localization dynamics depends on facilitated nuclear export versus facilitated nuclear import. Protoplasts co-transfected with At2g38360-DsRed and pa-GFP-LCLl were subjected to the 2P-activation procedure and the decrease of nuclear fluorescence intensity was monitored... 

In conclusion, the combination of localized and selective photoactivation of pa-GFP and 2PLSM allows the quantitative real-time fluorescence monitoring of dynamic intracellular processes in vivo that are of crucial importance for a deeper understanding... 

Arrigo AP, Suhan JP, Welch WJ (1988) Dynamic changes in the structure and intracellular locale of the mammalian low-molecular-weight heat shock protein. Mol Cell Biol 8 5059-5071... 

The coexistence of lipid and water solubility in the same molecule is essential for the action of a local anaesthetic drug. Lipophilicity permits the migration of drug across the phospholipid membrane of the nerve cell hydrophilicity is essential for the ionisation of the drug within the nerve. It follows that lipid and water solubility are the external and internal facilitators of local anaesthetic action in the nerve cell. Both within and without the nerve cell the unionised and ionised forms coexist in dynamic equilibrium. Outside the nerve, the active species is the unionised tertiary amine form. Conversely, inside the cell the ionised form predominates. The lower intracellular pH induces a shift in the equilibrium in favour of ionisation (Figure 5.5). 

Arabidopsis clock proteins LHY and CCAl (Schaffer et al. 1998 Wang and Tobin 1998). LCLl contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) as well as a nuclear export signal (NES) and is therefore an actively translocating nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle protein. As a control experiment, we monitored the intracellular dynamics of the small protein pa-GFP alone. In contrast to LCLl, the distribution of pa-GFP from the nucleus to the cytoplasm happens by diffusion, only. 

The dynamic contact of receptors on a moving cell with ligands on other cells warrants specific considerations for the study of activation of intracellular signaling pathways. The small number and the specific distribution of the receptors engaged by membrane ligands lead to a highly localized response with equally local regulation. Often, the fast dynamics of the receptor activation... 

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