Dynamics current

Short-time rating and effect of momentary peak or dynamic currents 15/488... 

Dynamic current Minimum 2.5 limes (in the above ease 62.5 kA) Minimum 2.5 times /. (in the above case 125 kA) -... 

At equilibrium (i.e., no current) there exist dynamic currents, measured in amps, at each electrode and are a fundamental characteristic of electrode behavior. The anode and cathode exchange current densities can be defined as the rate of oxidation and reduction respectively. The exchange current density is a measure of the electrode s ability to transfer electrons and occurs equally in both directions resulting in no net change in composition of the electrode.22 A large exchange current density represents an electrode with fast kinetics where there is a lot of simultaneous electron transfer. A small exchange current density has slow kinetics and the electron transfer rate is less. 

R. H. Wade and A. A. Hyman Microtubule structure and dynamics. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 9, 12 (1997). 

Evans J, Voorhis T (2009) Dynamic current suppression and gate voltage response in metal-molecule-metal junctions. Nano Lett 9(7) 2671-2675... 

Escobar, M. A., Yavari, R., de Lacheisserie, E. T. Gonzalez, J. (1991). Saturation magnetostriction of amorphous tapes with > 0 and 0 after relaxation by conventional and rapid dynamic current annealing. Materials Science and Engineering, A113, 184-7. 

Nilsson, D., M. Chen, T. Kugler, T. Remonen, M. Armgarth, and M. Berggren. 2002. Bi-stable and dynamic current modulation in electrochemical organic transistors. Adv Mater 14 (4) 51-54. 

The reliability and the lifetime are also cracial points. For a lightweight vehicle, the expected lifetime is around 5000 hours of use. This is largely achieved with a small cell at constant current, but the results may drop drastically to between 2000 and 3000 hours on the scale of a stack in a dynamic current regime [WAH 07 GER 10 GER 11] and is reduced still further for the whole system. The results of experiments on stationary apphcations show that most breakdowns occur because of failure of the auxihary components, but such failures may have repercussions for the stack itself. 

Thompson, E. L., Jorne, J., Gu, W. et al. 2008b. PEM fuel cell operation at -20°C. II. Ice formation dynamics, current distribution, and voltage losses within electrodes. /. Electrochemical Soc. 155 B887-B896. 

The voltage fluctuation in segments 1-4 under dynamic current loading is shown in Figure 10.9. In segments 5-8, the gas in the electrode could not be supplied quickly enough when the load suddenly increased from 70 to 700 mA cm (Weng, 2010). 

An area that has only been touched very briefly in seetion 5 is the description of the excited state s dynamics. Currently, several groups put effort in this field, since from the dynamics we get aeeess to time-dependent properties as, e.g., the lifetime of excited species or chemical reactions involving excited states. 

Herndon, J. M. (2005b). Whole-Earth decompression dynamics. Current Science, 59(10), 1937-1941. 

Behrend MR, Ahuja AK, Weiland ID (2008) Dynamic current density of the disk electrode double-layer. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 55(3) 1056-1062, DOl 10.1109/ TBME.2008.915723... 

Orozco, M., Noy, A., 8c Perez, A. (2008). Recent advances in the study of nucleic acid flexibility by molecular dynamics. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 18,185. 

Possible) identification of causes of plant deterioration Showing up dynamic currents of stream meanders Penetration into water, study of shallows Recognition of details in shady regions (from ground only, not from air or satellite) Geological identification... 

In the Specification, the granularity of time values is set to 2 minutes, but this may not be fast enough for some applications, especially where the discharge uses very dynamic current. 

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