Dwarf phenotype

As many as 135 GAs had been identified from many plant species by July 2007. It is now considered that all plant species produce GAs in nature, although the number of plant species from which GAs have been conclusively identified is still limited. Some mutants lacking the GA biosynthetic enzyme(s) cannot produce physiologically active GAs and show a dwarf phenotype. The plants from which the identification of GAs has been reported and the information on plant GAs are reviewed in the literature225 and are available on the website http //www.plant-hormones.info/occurrence of gas in plants.htm. The publications reporting the characterization of GAs after GA118 are cited in the literature.231-234... 

GA (K = 4.8 x 10 mol I 1) than the other two. The expression of each in rice gidl mutants rescued the GA-insensitive dwarf phenotype, demonstrating that AtGIDls function as GA receptors in rice.298 Multiple loss-of-function mutants of the three AtGIDls have recently shown severely dwarfed and GA-insensitive phenotypes resembling the rice gidl mutant.324-326... 

Figure 43 The branching (tillering) and semi-dwarf phenotypes of the rice d10 mutant are complemented by exogenous GR24, a synthetic strigolactone analog (supplied at 1 nmol I-1 in the hydroponic culture media). In contrast, d3 mutant plants are insensitive to GR24.

Overall, epimerization of the 3a-hydroxyl and/or introduction of a hydroxyl group at C25 and C26 is critical for the metabolism of 24-epicastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide in tomato cells. In the rice lamina inclination assay, 25-hydroxy-24-epibrassinolide is tenfold more active than 24-epibrassinolide, but 26-hydroxy-24-epibrassinolide is less active. However, 25-hydroxy-24-epibrassinolide is hundred-fold less active in restoring the dwarf phenotype of the BR-deficient Arabidopsis mutants [72], Therefore, although the... 

Many studies of the molecular mechanisms of plant growth have been performed using genetic methods in Arabidopsis. In the past decade, the identihcation and characterization of Arabidopsis B R biosynthetic mutants such as det2 and dw[4 has revealed the importance of BRs in plant growth regulation. These BR-dehcient mutants have a pleiotropic dwarf phenotype that can be reverted to a wild-type-like phenotype by feeding with BL. 

CYP714D1 (a catabolic enzyme) catalyzes 16a,17-epoxidation of non-13-hydroxylated gibberellins, and over-expression of this gene in Oryza sativa leads to a dwarf phenotype due to gibberellin deficiency [66]. 

Nolke, G. et al. (2005) Immunomodulation of polyamine biosynthesis in tobacco plants has a significant impact on polyamine levels and generates a dwarf phenotype. Plant Biotechnol. J. 3, 237-247... 

Increased Stearate Causes the Dramatic Dwarf Phenotype of fabl Plants... 

Fig. 3.4 Foity-day-old plants of the wild type (Col-0) and bud2, bud2 sac5I-d, and bud2 sac52-d mutants of Arabidopsis The semi-dwarf phenotype of bud2, a knockout mutant of SAMDC4, is suppressed by dominant suppressors of acl5, sac51-d and sac52-d...

Imai A, Hanzawa Y, Komura M, Yamamoto KT, KomedaY, Takahashi T (2006) The dwarf phenotype of the Arabidopsis acl5 mutant is suppressed by a mutation in an upstream ORF of a bHLH gene. Development (Camb) 133 3575-3585 Imai A, Komura M, Kawano E, Kuwashiro Y, Takahashi T (2008) A semi-dominant mutation in the ribosomal protein LIO gene suppresses the dwarf phenotype of the acl5 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 56 881-890... 

Imai A, Hanzawa Y, Komura M et til (2006) The dwarf phenotype of the Arabidopsis acl5 mutant is suppressed by a mutation in an upstream ORF of a bHLH gene. Development (Ctunb) 133 3575-3585... 

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