Duplicate representation

Step (iii) Each of the resultant subgraphs are made canonical then any duplicated representations are checked. 

Ligancv complementation All atoms other than hydrogen are complemented to quadriligancy by providing one or two duplicate representations of any ligands which are doubly or triply bonded, respectively, and then adding the necessary number of phantom atoms of atomic number zero [85]. For example, the representation of a carbonyl is expanded as follows ... 

Simulation is best described as the process of translating a real system into a working model in order to run experiments. A simulation does not duplicate a system rather it is an abstraction of reality using mathematics to express cause-and-effect relationships that determine the behavior of the system. Hence the representation displayed on a computer may not always be pictori-ally similar to the real system, and, if it is, then it must be regarded as an added bonus. Software for computer simulation is often customized and based on that developed in academia. There are not many commercial packages available for pharmaceutical formulation. 

Fig. 9.1 Schematic representation of possible mechanisms of resistance in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. 1, antibiotic-inactivating enzymes 2, antibiotic efflux proteins 3, alteration or duplication of intracellular targets 4, alteration of the cell membrane reducing antibiotic uptake 5, alterations in porins or lipopolysaccharide reducing antibiotic uptake or binding.

A review by Takas of several numerical representations of the Standing Katz z-factor chart indicates that the Dranchuk Abou-Kassem equations duplicate Figure 3-7 with an average absolute error of 0.6 percent.3,4 The equations fit Figure 3-8 almost as well, with the accuracy deteriorating as pressure and temperature increase. The results are three percent high at ppr = 30 and Tpr = 2.8. 

In the previous section, the duplicate-replicate control data set was used to give graphical representation of sampling and analytical variability. A statistical procedure referred to as analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis can be done on the same data set to give a more quantitative statement on variability. Sinclair (1983) describes this method that compares variations that arise from different identifiable sources,... 

Answer 14.8 The data were normalized to the concentrations in the approximated recharge water, presented by the ASW line (see the location of this line in the diagram). This mode of noble gas data representation reveals that a few samples almost retained all their initial atmospheric noble gases, others retained as little as 20%, and two samples reveal enrichments, possibly from air added during sample collection (for such reasons duplicate and even triplicate samples should be collected from each well and measured). 

To establish the end of a twig of the synthesis tree, available starting materials have to be recognized. To this end a file of commercially available compounds must be included in the program. Every molecule generated must be checked to determine whether it is contained in that list and also whether it has already been obtained previously to avoid duplicating branches in the synthesis tree. For both search operations a unique representation for molecules is required. 

Normalization of the structure data set e.g., removal of explicit hydrogen atoms, standard representation of nitro, azido and similar groups, deionization , and removal of duplicate structures). 

RND is a large ubiquitous superfamiiy of transporters with representations in all domains of life. Composed typicahy of about 1000 amino-acid residues, they are arranged as 12 transmembrane hehces proteins with two large hydrophilic extra-cytoplasmic loops between hehces 1 and 2 and hehces 7 and 8. It has been postulated that these proteins developed from an internal gene duplication event. The members of the RND family are also secondary active transporters that catalyze the proton-motive-force driven transport of a range of substrates, including hydrophobic drugs, bile salts, fatty acids, heavy metals, and more (22). 

The fundamental idea is to utilize additional relevant process information for assessing the correctness of information generated by a sensor. This approach is known as the functional redundancy and it is more attractive than physical redundancy by duplicating sensors and using a voting logic to select the correct information. Several techniques based on statistics and system theory have been developed for validation of sensor information by functional redundancy. In most of these techniques, it is assumed that detailed process information is available a priori. Often, this knowledge is in the form of an accurate state-space model [39, 230]. In many cases, this type of accurate representation of a chemical process based on first principles is not available. 

For the former case, the relationship is described in the overlap matrix, and for the latter, the relationship is described in the inclusion matrix to avoid the duplication of vertices in the reduced graph representation. They are used to determine the —> topological distance between functional groups. 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of in situ incubation for phytoplankton and benthic algae. (A) General disposition of trays with tubes and filters for cutting off different portions of the solar spectrum in the bottom a set up for benthic algae incubation is presented. (B) Close up of one tray containing duplicate quartz tubes for three different radiation treatments PAB, unfiltered solar radiation PA, PAR + UV-A and P, only PAR. (C) Transmission characteristics of various materials and filters used in photobiological...

Constraint-based Representation Scheme. The primary feature of the chemists ability to specify QC criteria based on the QA/QC Objective and other inputs is that the QC criteria are specified as a set of general constraints and limits which the data must adhere to. For example, for a PCB site with a QA/QC Objective level of QA2, the experts could specify constraints for the data such as "the matrix spike duplicate recoveries should be between 801 to 120Z", and that "the PCB detection level must be at least 1.5 ppm." Therefore, a constraint-based representation presents a natural mechanism to emulate the thought process of the chemists in developing QC criteria. 

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