Drugs radiopharmaceuticals

The vitamins folate (vitamin B9) (56, 57) and cobalmin (vitamin B12) (58) have been investigated as vehicles for delivery of impermeable molecnles into cells. By binding with high affinity (Kd 10 ° M) to folate receptors, folate-linked drugs, radiopharmaceuticals, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles can become internalized by RME. Similarly, transcobalamin receptors bind and promote the endocytosis of cobalamin and cobalamin conjn-gates complexed to solnble transcobalamin (59). This approach has been used to target selectively tumor cells that overexpress these receptors. 

Lyophilization is a high-technology method of preserving chemicals or sensitive biological materials from humidity enzymes, hormones, vitamins, blood products, antibiotics, drugs, radiopharmaceutical kits, etc. 

The use of LDL and other lipoproteins in drug targeting has been reviewed [170,172], Damle et al. [173] have shown that radiopharmaceuticals, such as iopanoic acid, a cholecystographic agent, could be incorporated in chylomicron remnants by esterification with cholesterol and used for liver imaging. About 87% of the chylomicron remnant-loaded iopanoic acid accumulated in the liver within 0.5 hour after administration, compared with 31% accumulated using a... 

Metals continue to play an important role in radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine. Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that contain a radionuclide and are used for imaging if the radionuclide is a photon emitter (gamma (7) or positron (/3+)) or for... 

PET has been gaining in popularity as a result of its enhanced sensitivity and resolution with respect to SPECT at the millimetre scale, allowing clinicians to study drug distribution in vivo (10). Indeed, it is estimated that by 2010 there will be approximately two million PET scans per year, of which the majority will image the metabolism of the 18F-labeled fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) (11). The increased sensitivity in turn reduces the concentration of the administered radiopharmaceutical required to 10 8-10 10M. The much lower concentrations of administered radioactive probe employed reduce the overall... 

Sharma V, Piwnica-Worms D (2005) Monitoring Multidrug Resistance P-Glycoprotein Drug Transport Activity with Single-Photon-Emission Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceuticals. 252 155-178 Shinkai S, see Ishi-i T (2005) 258 119-160... 

There are four different drug products under Part II chemical active substance(s), radiopharmaceutical products, biological medicinal products, and vegetable medicinal products. For example, the GMP production report for biological medicinal products includes description of the genes used, strain of cell line, cell bank system, fermentation and harvesting, purification, characterization, analytical method development, process validation, impurities, and batch analysis (GMP production of biopharmaceuticals is described in Chapter 10). A DMF (Exhibit 8.8) is submitted. 

Subpart C, Drug Compounding Faeilities. These are discussed further in the next seetion of this article. It also discusses bulk drugs and materials as well as the compounding of sterile products, radiopharmaceuticals, and products requiring special precaution such as the handling of penicillins. 

In the last chapter receptor-based diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals are reviewed including considerations on drug design, on receptors, and on receptor imaging with the objective of modifying the pharmacokinetics of these agents. 

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