Drug administration transmembranic

Doxil, the first liposomal drug that was approved by the Food and Drug Administration, in 1995, is a good example of the successful application of a transmembrane inner liposome high/outer liposome low ammonium ion gradient for remote loading of an amphipathic weak base, the anticancer... 

Because most proteins are susceptible to protease degradation and denaturation in biologic fluids, most biopharmaceuticals must be administered by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection (see Table 5.5). High concentrations of proteases are found in the gastrointestinal tract, nasal mucosa, bronchioles, and alveoli, which severely limit the bioavailability of protein pharmaceuticals after oral, intranasal, and inhalation administration. Diffusional barriers to the passage of relatively large macromolecules preclude transdermal and mucosal administration of protein pharmaceuticals. Research is under way to develop methods that will protect protein drugs from proteolysis and improve transmembrane diffusion. 

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