Drinking Water Protected Areas

Demonstiating compliance widi protected area objectives, especially drinking water protected areas (DWPA). 

Monitoring objective(s) Surveillance Monitoring Operational Monitoring Drinking Water Protected Area (DWPA) Monitoring... 

The selection of sites to monitor should be carefully considered by taking into account the characteristics of the pressures actually, or potentially, impacting on the groundwater body and the receptors at risk. Where specific receptors such as ecosystems are at risk, additional monitoring may be needed. In the case of drinking water abstractions in drinking water protected areas, monitoring will also need to include representative potable abstraction points to demonstrate compliance with the protected area objectives. 

To check the suitability of the sewer pipes for their use as a one-pipe system for waste water pipelines in drinking-water protected areas, an expert s report was commissioned [23]. Table 3 summarises the results of this report. Ductile sewer pipes are particularly suitable for the repetitive tests specified in the guidelines [24] with water or air or vacuum tests [25],... 

With knowledge regarding concentrations and the fate of surfactants it should be possible to identify areas at risk and to design the most appropriate countermeasures. By applying the precautionary principle, the protection of sensitive aquatic freshwater and coastal ecosystems and of a sustainable supply of drinking water in areas with high population densities should be ensured. 

The protection of areas of interest to the environment and the protection of drinking water catchment areas. 

Evacuating residents and protecting the area, or providing a facility for treatment of drinking water and cleanup of the site... 

No studies have been conducted with silver and avian or mammalian wildlife, and it is unreasonable to extrapolate the results of limited testing with domestic poultry and livestock to wildlife to establish criteria or administratively enforced standards. Research on silver and avian and terrestrial wildlife merits the highest priority in this subject area. No silver criteria are available for the protection of avian and mammalian health, and all criteria now proposed are predicated on human health (Table 7.8). As judged by the results of controlled studies with poultry and small laboratory mammals, safe concentrations of silver ion were less than 250 pg/L in drinking water of mammals, less than 100 mg/L in drinking water of poultry, less than 6 mg/kg in diets of mammals, less than 10 mg/kg in copper-deficient diets of poultry, less than 200 mg/kg in copper-adequate diets of poultry, and less than 1.8 mg/kg in chicken eggs. The proposed short-term (10-day) allowable limit of 1142 pg Ag/L in drinking water for human health protection (Table 7.8) should... 

Proposed free cyanide criteria suggest that sensitive species of aquatic organisms are protected at <3 pg/L birds and livestock at <100 mg/kg diet and human health at concentrations of <10 pg/L drinking water, <50 mg/kg diet, and <5 mg/m3 air (Eisler 1991) (Table 15.6). In aquatic systems, research is needed in several areas ... 

Fluoride, Fluoride Is contained In water and In the diet (22,23) Also, fluoride stabilizes the bone crystal (24) and has been shown to decrease bone resorption (25), For these reasons, fluoride has been recommended for the treatment for osteoporosis (26-28), The Importance of the role of fluoride on maintaining the normal bone structure Is also Indicated by a survey which showed that the Incidence of osteoporosis was lower In naturally high fluoride areas than In areas where the fluoride content of the drinking water was low (29) This observation would Indicate that the Intake of certain amounts of fluoride throughout life may be necessary for the maintenance of the normal skeleton, and that fluoride may protect the skeleton from the development of bone loss which leads to osteoporosis with advancing age, particularly In females. 

Event 8 Chemical Spill—Oil. Ashland Oil Company, Inc., Floreffe, Pennsylvania (January 1988). The oil spill temporarily contaminated drinking water sources for an estimated 1 million people in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio contaminated river ecosystems killed wildlife damaged private property and adversely affected businesses in the area. More than 511,000 gallons of diesel fuel remain unrecovered and are presumed to be in the rivers (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2008). 

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