Syrup, dosage

For preparations for oral use, knowledge of the desired dosage form is important, but compatibility with ethanol, glycerin, sucrose, corn syrup, preservatives, and buffers is usually carried out. This type of study also gives an idea of the activation energy, E, of the predominant reaction in solution. The Arrhenius plots (Fig. 16) for compounds in solution are usually quite precise. 

The present chapter deals with calculations involving oral liquid dosage forms including homogenous systems such as syrups and elixirs, and heterogenous systems such as suspensions. 

After the administration of a syrup and tablet dosage form of a drug, the following data was obtained. What is the AUC of the liquid relative to the solid dosage form ... 

Orai concentrate - Add desired dosage to 60 mL or more of diluent just prior to administration. Suggested vehicles are tomato or fruit juice, milk, simple syrup, orange syrup, carbonated beverages, coffee, tea, or water. Semisolid foods (eg, soups, puddings) may also be used. 

The sodium salt of valproate is marketed in Europe as a tablet and is quite hygroscopic. In Central and South America, the magnesium salt is available, which is considerably less hygroscopic. The free acid of valproate was first marketed in the USA in a capsule containing corn oil the sodium salt is also available in syrup, primarily for pediatric use. An enteric-coated tablet of divalproex sodium is also marketed in the USA. This improved product, a 1 1 coordination compound of valproic acid and sodium valproate, is as bioavailable as the capsule but is absorbed much more slowly and is preferred by many patients. Peak concentrations following administration of the enteric-coated tablets are seen in 3-4 hours. Various extended-release preparations are available not all are bioequivalent and may require dosage adjustment. 

The physical characteristics, particularly the particle size of the drug substance, are very important for suspensions. As with topical products in which the drug is suspended, particles are usually very fine to micronized (to <25 microns). For syrup, elixir, or solution dosage forms in which there is nothing suspended, particle size and physical characteristics of raw materials are not that important. However, they can affect the rate of dissolution of such raw materials in the manufacturing process. Raw materials of a finer particle size may dissolve faster than those of a larger particle size when the product is compounded. 

Each 5 mL of syrup for oral administration contains lithium ion 8 mEq (equivalent to amount of lithium in 300 mg of lithium carbonate), alcohol 0.3% v/v. Lithium citrate syrup is a palatable oral dosage form of lithium ion. 

Dosages and routes of administration Hydromorphone is used in doses of 1-2 mg by subcutaneous, intramuscular, slow intravenous or rectal administration, and in oral doses between 2-4 mg. The doses for cough inhibition are 1 mg, given as a syrup. 

Liquid Dosage Forms. Simple aqueous solutions, syrups, elixirs, and tinctures are prepared by dissolution of solutes in the appropriate solvent systems. Adjunct formulation ingredients include certified dyes, flavors, sweeteners, and antimicrobial preservatives. These solutions are filtered under pressure, often using selected filtering aid materials. The products are stored in large tanks, ready tor tilling into containers. Quality control analysis is then performed. 

Dosage forms of naturally occurring materials having therapeutic activity arc prepared by extractive processes, especially percolation and maceration. Examples of such dosage forms have included certain tinctures, syrups, fluid extracts, and powdered extracts. 

Meperidine can be taken orally or injected. Oral forms include tablets and syrup. Dosages of tablets range from 25 mg to 100 mg meperidine per tablet. The syrup form contains 50 mg meperidine per 5 ml. The typical dosage is from 50 mg to 150 mg every three to four hours. 

Solutions. For oral solutions, elixirs, syrups, tinctures, or other solubilized forms, in vivo BA and/or BE can be waived [21 CFR 320.22(b) (3) (i)]. Generally, in vivo BE studies are waived for solutions on the assumptions that release of the drug substance from the drug product is self-evident and that the solutions do not contain any excipient that significantly affects drug absorption [21 CFR 320.22(b)(3) (iii) ]. However, there are certain excipients, such as sorbitol or mannitol, that can reduce the BA of drugs with low intestinal permeability in amounts sometimes used in oral liquid dosage forms. 

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