Dosage volume

The onset of action is fast (within 60 seconds) for the intravenous anesthetic agents and somewhat slower for inhalation and local anesthetics. The induction time for inhalation agents is a function of the equiUbrium estabUshed between the alveolar concentration relative to the inspired concentration of the gas. Onset of anesthesia can be enhanced by increasing the inspired concentration to approximately twice the desired alveolar concentration, then reducing the concentration once induction is achieved (3). The onset of local anesthetic action is influenced by the site, route, dosage (volume and concentration), and pH at the injection site. 

Different consumer needs, whether for infant, child, or adult, varies the concentrations of the active ingredients in a nasal drug formulation. Fig. 4 shows a typical nasal spray system fitted with a snap-on closure. The dispensing system can be adapted to the anatomy of the patient. The actuators for pediatric application are slimmer in their geometry and the dosage volume is reduced (Fig. 5). 

The dosage volume should be around 20-80% of the total shot capacity. It should be ensured that the residence time is not excessive for sensitive materials. 

Anaerobic ponds are loaded such that anaerobic conditions prevail throughout the Hquid volume. One of the major problems with anaerobic ponds is the generation of odors. The odor problem can frequentiy be eliminated by the addition of sodium nitrate at a dosage equal to 20% of the appHed oxygen demand. An alternative is the use of a stratified facultative lagoon, in which aerators are suspended 3 meters below the Hquid surface in order to maintain aerobic surface conditions, with anaerobic digestion occurring at the lower depths. 

The corticosteroids are administered with caution in older adults because they are more likely to have preexisting conditions such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, osteo-poros s and arthritis which may be worsened by the use of such agents The nurse monitors older adults for exacerbation of existing conditionsduring corticosteroid therapy. In addition, lower dosages may be needed because of the effects of aging, such as decreased muscle mass renal function, and plasma volume. 

Name form and strength of medicinal product Active substance per dosage Quantity by weight, volume or dosage Excipients (if required)... 

Figure 4.22. Correlation of assay values for components A and B, for three dosage levels of A, with 10 samples per group. The comer symbols indicate the 10% specification limits for each component. For manual injection (left panel) only relative standard deviations of 1-2% are found, but no correlation. Automatic injection (right panel) has a lower intrinsic relative standard deviation, but the data are smeared out along the proportionality line because no internal standard was used to correct for variability of the injected volume. The proportionality line does not go through the comers of the specification box because component B is either somewhat overdosed (2.4%). analytical bias, or because an interference results in too high area readings for B. The...

Dosage. TCDD was dissolved in acetone subsequently, one part of the acetone solution was added to and mixed with nine parts of USP corn oil. The acetone-corn oil solution of TCDD was given to rats at a rate of 5 ml/kg by intubation. This volume of solution provided a dose of 50 fxg/kg and 0.14 )LtCi/kg TCDD- C. 

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