Domestic and portable systems

The widest field of battery application both in the number of batteries and in their diversity is that of portable units and domestic appliances. Typically this involves batteries of low and medium capacity from 0.01 to 100 Ah. Battery-powered electrical units include various radio sets, tape recorders, cell phones, TV sets, audio and video players, radio transmitters for civil and military use, portable flashlights for underground and other use, miniaturized devices electronic watches, hearing aids, pocket calculators, toys, some household appliances (electric shavers, measuring instruments including testers, radiation monitoring instruments, etc.), and various medical devices (cardiac pacemakers). 

The diversity of battery-powered devices entail a great diversity of operational conditions. Thus, electric torch batteries operate in a wide temperature range while 

Batteries for military and medical applications must be highly reliable, which would be redundant in electrified toys. Cost is often an important characteristic of a battery performance characteristics and shelf life may have to be somewhat lowered for the sake of cost reduction. In other cases one of the battery characteristics may be the most important of all. With very few exceptions batteries for portable and domestic appliances must be spillproof and can be transported in any position. 

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