Dole, Malcolm

I thank the following for their direct contributions in the preparation of this paper Charles Overberger, Ray Seymour, Paul Flory, James Scott Long, Zeno Wicks, Maurice Huggins, A1 Zettle-moyer, Walter Stockmayer, Fred Elrich, Fred Billmeyer, Malcolm Renfrew, Carl Marvel and Malcolm Dole and Edgar Hardy for suggestions as to how to develop the presented material. 

Fenn published work in 1989 [7-9] showing ionisation of large molecules by electrospray ionisation (ESI). Fenn built on the early work of Malcolm Dole [10] but Fenn used a counter current gas to assist with desolvation of the droplets and aid the formation of the ions. In the early 1990s, experiments with atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) showed promise and in a short space of time the first commercial systems utilising the new techniques of ESI [11] and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI) began to appear on analysts benches. The sensitive, reliable and easily operated LC-MS system had arrived. 

As shown originally by Malcolm Dole, polyethylene molecules may be cross-linked when subjected to high-energy radiation. These three-dimensional network polymers may be represented by the structure shown in Figure 1.5. 

MALCOLM DOLE, H. L. COX, Jr., and J. GIENIEC Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Tex. 76703... 

Dr. Malcolm Dole was professor of physical chemistry at Northwestern University. He supervised an NDRC group at Dugway in early 1943. In his written evaluation of his NDRC crew, he said concerning Arthur Pardee ... 

I joined the NDRC chemical warfiire project in the Summer of 1943, and went to Dugway Proving Ground. My boss there was Malcolm Dole from Northwestern U. Others there I remember are Paul Saxer, Norman Larsen, Howard Pinkard, Nelson Neese, Sm Grinnell, and Dave Perkins. 

Malcolm Dole had gone from house to house the previous week to find places that would rent rooms to the NDRC group. I was assigned a room in the sherifTs house, and I moved in the day after we arrived at Bushnell. We had our meals at the local restaurant, except we got in line and ate army chow during army field tests. The army group had set up tents in a flat area just south of Bushnell, where the soldiers slept and ate. Oflficers lived in rented rooms, apartments, or houses in town. 

The field tests on non-persistent gases were completed late in December, and Division 10 was preparing to leave. Malcolm Dole sent out a directive to the Division 10 team telling them how to organize and report the data they had taken. 

Malcolm Dole (Editor) "The radiation chemistry of macromolecules" Academic Press, New York, 1973 N. Zolotova, T. Denisov, J. Polyia. Sci., 1971, A-1, 9, 3311... 

ESI was first proposed by Malcolm Dole in 1968 who noticed that the Couiombic fission... 

An interesting insight into this research is contained in a letter from Klemensiewicz to Malcolm Dole published in the Journal of Chemical Education in 1980 (M). We quote from the letter ... 

The significance of ESI-MS was recognized by the award ofa Nobel Prize in 2002 to John Eenn [2], who was the major developer ofthe method. The initial development of the method is due to Malcolm Dole. In the nineteen sixties Malcolm Dole was interested in the determination ofthe molecular mass of synthetic polymers. But how could one get large polymers into the gas-phase without decomposing them. Dole reasoned that if one used a very dilute solution of the analyte and nebulized such a solution into extremely small droplets one could obtain many droplets that contain only a single analyte molecule. Evaporation of such droplets would then lead to a transfer of the analyte molecules to the gas phase. If the analyte was... 

ESI was first proposed by Malcolm Dole in 1968 who noticed that the Coulombic fission cascade would eventually lead to sufficiently small drops which contained a single solute molecule that retained some of the drop charge such that a fully desolvated gas phase ion would ultimately be left once all the solvent evaporates, this mechanism being known as the charge residue model (CRM). These efforts were, however, largely unsuccessful practically due to the use of an ion-drift spectrometer to which the electrospray was interfaced. It was John Fenn, then at Yale University, who later developed a practical method for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) that allowed the identification and structure analysis of biomacromolecules of virtually unlimited molecular weights to an accuracy of 0.01% by averaging... 

PE radicals are compiled by Malcolm Dole in two volumes entitled The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules [1]. Readers are referred to Chapters 9, 13, and 14 in Volume I, and Chapters 1 and 13 through 16 in Volume II. In 1995, Jan F. Rabek also published a large volume of works, including ESR results, on polymer degradation [2]. In the latter publication, particular attention should be given to Chapters 3 and 10 because of their relevance to the subject of this chapter. 

The development of ESIMS is clearly due to two people, Malcolm Dole and John Fenn. Dole s early death occurred before the full impact of ESIMS became evident. Fenn, in his account on the development of the method, clearly acknowledges the seminal significance of Dole s work. Much of the information in this section is based on Fenn s account. ... 

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