DNA typing

Forensic Serology. Blood, often associated with crimes of violence, is powerfiil physical evidence. Its presence suggests association with the criminal act and blood can be used to associate suspects and locations with the bleeder. Blood is a complex mixture of cellular material, proteins, and enzymes and several tests are available for suspected bloody evidence. A typical test protocol involves (/) determining whether blood is present, (2) determining if it is human blood, (J) typing the blood, and (4) when appHcable, performing DNA typing. 

Keyser-Tracqui, C. and B. Ludes (2005), Methods for the study of ancient DNA, Meth. Mol. Bio. 297 (Forensic DNA Typing Protocols), 253-264. 

FI. Field, H., and Garovoy, M. R., Positive impact of DNA typing on solid organ transplantation. 

DNA profiling is also referred to as DNA fingerprinting and DNA typing. It is used in paternity identification, classification of plants, criminal cases, identification of victims, heredity (of living, recently deceased, and anciently deceased), etc. DNA profiling is a tool that allows comparison of DNA samples. 

The Landauer-Buttiker time was derived for tunnehng through a rectangular barrier. In the case of a series of electronic levels, such as occur for DNA in the models of Fig. 1, one can generahze the Landauer-Buttiker argument to a molecular orbital representation. In the hmiting case that is appropriate to most DNA-type problems, the time in Eq. 10 holds [88]... 

DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA typing, is a method of identification that compares fragments of DNA. This technique was first developed in 1985, originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases. With the exception of identical twins, the complete DNA of each individual is unique. 

Determination of the DNA type to be used for probes in this experiment Generally, cDNA/oligo with known identity is used. 

N 105 "Theory of "Melting" of the Helical Form in Double Chains of the DNA Type"... 

Traditionally, one of the most accurate methods for placing an individual at the scene of a crime has been a fingerprint. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, a more powerful tool is now available DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA typing or DNA profiling). 

Forensic DNA Typing Protocols, edited by Angel Carracedo, 2005... 

Schmalzing, D., Koutny, L., Adourian, A., Belgrader, P., Matsudaira, P., Ehrlich, D., DNA typing in thirty seconds with a microfabricated device. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 10273-10278. 

A cursory glance at the structure of DNA shows that it is composed of hydrogen-bonded units, the purine and pyrimidine bases, attached to sugars that are linked by phosphate groups. There is no chemical reason why the perfectly symmetric phosphates should bind in the orientation that they do. The same problem arises in when a synthetic analogue of a DNA-type replicator is considered. The most useful linkages are imine and peptide bonds. Both require a terminal amine the former results from a reaction with an aldehyde and the latter with an activated carboxylic acid. The problem that occurs is that if these functional groups are present within the same molecule self-polymerization may occur unless a substantial effort is made to avoid this. 

A recently discovered form of DNA is Z-DNA, which may be universally present as a component or section of other DNA types. It, too, is shown in Figure 10.20. Z-DNA is left-handed, with 12 pairs per turn and a 3.8 A rise per... 

Fig. 20.5 a, b. Schematic representation of hydration of a G-T wobble base pair in the Z-DNA type crystal structure of d(CGCGTG). Hydrogen-bonding distances to water molecules (W) and C(l )- -C(l ) distances given in A units. Left hydration is only by water molecules right hydration involves a cluster [Mg(H20)6]2+ [683]... 

Fig. 24.6. Stereo diagram showing the four fused water pentagons in the major groove of the A-DNA-type octanucleotide d(GCBrUABrUACC). Bromine atoms [or thymine methyl groups in the isomorphous d(GGTATACC)] are indicated by concentric circles. Note water molecules and phosphate oxygens surrounding the methyl groups (or bromine atoms) (see also Fig. 24.9a, [865])...

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