Divergent function

We shall mainly discuss the membranes present in eukaryotic cells, although many of the principles described also apply to the membranes of prokaryotes. The various cellular membranes have different compositions, as reflected in the ratio of protein to lipid (Figure 41-1). This is not surprising, given their divergent functions. Membranes are asymmetric sheet-like enclosed structures with distinct inner and outer surfaces. 

Hunter CA New IL-12-family members IL-23 and IL-27, cytokines with divergent functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2005 5 521-531. 

Figure 1.7 The probability density of the wave packet at time t = 200 on a logarithmic scale. Note that outside the interaction region, we have an exponentially diverging function.

Genetic variation of a drug-metabolizing enzyme can have divergent functional consequences. Easiest to deal with are usually cases of absence of enzyme activity, even if it may occur as a dominant or recessive feature. Most complicated tend to be structural enzyme variants which may affect different ligands differently. Hence, fuctional predictions for a new population can often not be made on the basis of established experiences. 

The aaRSs are an ancient family of enzymes that have a lengthy and diverse evolutionary history. For their central role in protein synthesis, the aaRSs generate aminoacylated tRNAs, which are transferred to an elongation factor such as EF-Tu in bacteria for delivery to the ribosome. Some aaRSs have diverged functionally to perform other secondary roles that impact critical cellular activities (4). In addition, paralogs that... 

One proceeds similarly for the other two divergent functions. In the case of the massless photons the propagator must have a simple pole at = 0,... 

Divergent functional groups are readily introduced at the meso and/or //-positions by (1) condensation of //-substituted pyrrolealdehydes (2) condensation of pyrrole with aldehydes having terminal functional groups and t.3) condensation of pyrrole with p- or m-substituted benzalde-hydes. Utilization of divergent terminal functional groups... 

Sun Y, Kanekar SL, Vetter ML, Gorski S, Jan Y-N, Glaser T, Brown NL. Conserved and divergent functions of Drosophila, amphibian and mammahan Ath5 genes. Evol Dev. 2003 5 532 1. 

Partridge, J., Carlsen, H., Enesa, K., et al. Laminar shear stress acts as a switch to regulate divergent functions of NF-kappriB in endothelial cells. FASEB J. Off Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 21, 3553-3561 (2007). doi 10.1096/fj.06-8059com... 

Sauer U., F. Canonaco, S. Heri, A. Perrenoud, and E. Fischer. 2004. The soluble and membrane-bound transhydrogenases UdhA and PntAB have divergent functions in NADPH metabolism of... 

KIM CH (2009), The gene history of zebrafish tlr4a and tlr4b is predictive of their divergent functions , I Immunol, 183, 5896-908. 

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