Distillation, pages

The crude acid is transferred to a 125 or 250 ml Claisen flask and distilled at ordinary pressure until the temperature of the vapor rises to 160 . The apparatus is arranged for vacuum distillation (pages 238-239). The fraction which boils at 95-100 /10 mm is collected. The yield is 60-65 g. 

Petroleum Distillates, Pages 372-375, Stephen R. Clough SummaryPlus Full Text + Links PDF (71 K)... 

The product is in fact a solution of ethanol in water. Most of the water is then removed by fractional distillation (page 20). 

An account of the elementary theory of fractional distillation is given in Section 1,4. Fractionating columns suitable for both elementary and advanced work will be described in the following pages. 

Present-day nomenclature is partly the result of the conflict and interplay of two functions the need to communicate in speech and on the printed page on the one hand, and the need for archival storage of information and its efficient, reliable retrieval. The former function came first, and laid the basis for the nomenclature most commonly used even today, and gave birth to a wealth of trivial names (i.e. names that give little or no information on structure). These were often coined on the basis of the origin of the substance, as in the case of collidine, obtained from distillation of bones in glue factories, or were derived from a special characteristic, as in the case of skatole, which has a fecal odor. Such names are short and generally euphonious, but they must be memorized they cannot be deduced from the structure. 

In a i-l. three-necked flask are mixed 150 g. (r.63 moles) of /3-hydroxyethyl methyl sulfide (p. 54) (Note i) and 200 g. of dry chloroform (Note 2). The flask is placed on a steam bath and is fitted with a dropping funnel, a mechanical stirrer, and a condenser. The condenser is fitted with a trap to remove the vapors of hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide (page 2). A solution of 204 g. (1.7 moles) (Note 3) of thionyl chloride in 200 g. (135 cc.) of dry chloroform is added dropwise to the /3-hydroxyethyl methyl sulfide over a period of about two hours (Note 4). The reaction mixture is stirred vigorously during this addition and for about four hours after the addition is complete. The chloroform is distilled on the steam bath and the residue is distilled under reduced pressure. The yield is 135-153 g- (75 5 per cent of the theoretical amount) of a product boiling at 55-s6°/3o mm- (Note 5). 

On page 49 the possible relationships of isopinene and fenchene were mentioned. Komppa and Roschier have prepared a fenchene from o-fencho-camphorone, which they had previously prepared synthetically. The complete synthesis of this fenchene has, therefore, been achieved, a-fencho-camphorone is converted by magnesium methyl iodide into the corresponding alcohol, which is dehydrate by distillation at atmospheric pressure, yielding a-fenchene having the following characters —... 

B) Auranofin A cold solution of 1.66g (0.012 mol) of potassium carbonate in 20 ml of distilled water Is added to a solution of 5.3 g (0.011 mol) of S-(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetylgluco-pyranosyD-thiopseudourea hydrobromide [Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, vol 2, page 435 (1963)1 in 30 ml of water at -10°C. A cold solution of 3.B6 g (0.011 mol) of triethyl-phosphinegold chloride in 30 ml of athanol containing a few drops of methylene chloride is added to the above mixture before hydrolysis of the thiouronium salt is complete. After the eddition is complete, the mixture is stirred in the cold for A hour. The solid that separates... 

Figure 2. SDS-PAGE of culture supernatants. Freeze-dried samples were resuspended in distilled water, mixed with an equal volume of sampling buffer and heated to 100°C for 5 min. lOpl aliquots were applied to the gel. The right lane contains standards of Mr 14-66 kDa. Lanes 2, 3, 4 and 1 are increasing dilutions of the supernatant respectively.

Read the entire laboratory activity. Form a hypothesis as to whether distilled water is a conductor of electricity. Record your hypothesis on page 58. 

French, John. The art of distillation. [Richardson (TX)] R.A.M.S., n.d. 181p. Includes reproduction of original 1651 title-page (page 3)... 

The 1651 edition has a different title-page, is only 199p. (excludes calcination and sublimation) and does not include the London Distiller... 

Sample collection and preparation for the analysis of 1,2-dibromoethane in foods includes the purge-and-trap method, headspace gas analysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and steam distillation (Alleman et al. 1986 Anderson et al. 1985 Bielorai and Alumot 1965, 1966 Cairns et al. 1984 Clower et al. 1985 Pranoto-Soetardhi et al. 1986 Scudamore 1985). GC equipped with either ECD or HECD is the technique used for measuring 1,2-dibromoethane in foodstuffs at ppt levels (Clower et al. 1985 Entz and Hollifield 1982 Heikes and Hopper 1986 Page et al. 1987 Van Rillaer and Beernaert 1985). 

Page BD, Newsome WH, MacDonald SB. 1987. Determination of several halogenated fumigants in cereal products by steam distillation and capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 70 446-450. 

P. Mizsey and Z. Fonyo. Energy integrated distillation system design enhanced by heat pumping distillation and absorption. Inst. Chem,. Eng., pages B69-B75, 1992. 

Page DB, Lacroix GM. 1995. On-line distillation/purge and trap analysis of halogenated, nonpolar, volatile contaminants in foods. J AOAC Int 78(6) 1416-1428. 

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