Distillation hydrocracking

T-star ( 93) Texaco Light and heavy distillate Hydrocracking, FCC pretreatment 20 Yes... 

MAK ( 94) Mobil-Akzo Nobel-Kellogg Light and heavy distillate Hydrocracking 25 No... 

Residuum hydroconversion is a special case of hydrocracking. Compared to distillate hydrocracking, a significantly different catalyst is used, frequently low metal loading with Mo, with a special pore size distribution less subject to pore plugging by coke. More... 

The catalyst employed was a commercial distillate hydrocracking catalyst, comprising cobalt and molybdenum oxides on an amorphous silica-alumina support, and applied in the form of extrudates - it should be noted that this catalyst is intended by the manufacturer for crude oil refinery utilisation in sulphided form, i.e. neither optimised for paraffin or F-T wax hydrocracking nor for application in non-sulphided form as used in this study. 

One patent application (30) describes the use of zeolite/TUD-1/ metal function for various refining processes, including hydrotreating, middle distillate hydrocracking, hydrocracking for lubes (commonly called lubes hydrocracking ), and hydroisomerization of heavy distillate. 

Dufresne,P., (1989), Distillate Hydrocracking. Seminar Acid Catalysis in Refining and Petrochemistry , Lisbon, June 6-9, 1989. 

Process Atmospheric distillation Atmospheric distillation FCC Hydro- cracking Vis- breaking Coking Hydrocracking... 

Finally, note that hydrocracking is ideal for obtaining middle distillate cuts that can be used in jet fuel formulation. 

Properly speaking, steam cracking is not a refining process. A key petrochemical process, it has the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butadiene, butenes and aromatics (BTX) mainly from light fractions of crude oil (LPG, naphthas), but also from heavy fractions hydrotreated or not (paraffinic vacuum distillates, residue from hydrocracking HOC). 

Feedstocks for this very flexible process are usually vacuum distillates, deasphalted oils, residues (hydrotreated or not), as well as by-products from other processes such as extracts, paraffinic slack waxes, distillates from visbreaking and coking, residues from hydrocracking, converted in mixtures with the main feedstock. 

In two stages with recycle to the second stage, the conversion per pass is approximately 50 wt. % and the selectivity to middle distillates is maximal 75 to 80 wt. %. However, the investment is clearly higher and is justified only when feedstocks are difficult to convert and that their content in nitrogen is high. Figure 10.11 represents two variants of the hydrocracking process. 

The hydrocracking process is characterized by a very low gas production and a low LPG yield especially when operated for maximum distillates. Byproducts in this operating mode are ... 

Maier, C.E., P.-H. Bigeard, A. Billon and P. Dufresne (1988), Boost middle distillate yield and quality with a new generation of hydrocracking catalyst . NPRA paper No. AM-88-76, Annual meeting, San Antonio, TX. 

In an effort to obtain higher value products from SRC processes, a hydrocrackiag step was added to convert resid to distillate Hquids. The addition of a hydrocracker to the SRC-I process was called nonintegrated two-stage Hquefaction (NTSL). The NTSL process was essentially two separate processes ia series coal Hquefaction and resid upgrading. NTSL processes were iaefficient owiag to the inherent limitations of the SRC-I process and the high hydrocracker severities required. 

Catalysis. As of mid-1995, zeoHte-based catalysts are employed in catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, isomerization of paraffins and substituted aromatics, disproportionation and alkylation of aromatics, dewaxing of distillate fuels and lube basestocks, and in a process for converting methanol to hydrocarbons (54). 

Solvents. Petroleum naphtha is a generic term appHed to refined, pardy refined, or unrefined petroleum products. Naphthas are prepared by any of several methods, including fractionation of distillates or even cmde petroleum, solvent extraction, hydrocracking of distillates, polymerization of unsaturated (olefinic) compounds, and alkylation processes. Naphtha can also be a combination of product streams from more than one of these processes. 

In addition to straight run naphthas, 70—190°C cuts obtained by distillation from streams produced by cracking high boiling petroleum fractions can also be used as feed to reformers. Naphthas produced by hydrocracking are particularly suitable. 

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