Distances from planes

Onsager s phenomenological coefficients Distance from plane of symmetry, ft. 

Of interest is the light intensity measured on plane II, located a distance / from plane I. Huygen s principle simply states that the field at plane II is the sum of spherical waves emanating from all points in plane I. However, the field at point A will be primarily influenced by the spherical wave at point A, with a similar relationship between the fields at points B and B. Fresnel s extension of Huygen s principle quantifies this statement. The spherical wave emanating from a differential area, dS, located at point A is... 

FIGURE 7. Geometrical parameters stored for every enamine fragments (a) bond lengths, (b) bond angles, (c) torsion angles, (d) distances from planes... 

FIGURE 3.39 Attenuation with distance from plane and line sources in a free field. Source Eargle, J.M. 1994. Electroacoustical Reference Data. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.)... 

A secondary feature is the development of rollover anticlines which form as a result of the downward movement close to the fault plane which decreases with increasing distance from the plane. Rollover anticlines may trap considerable amounts of hydrocarbons. 

The usual experimental situation is that of a sessile drop and, as with the pendant drop, it is necessary to determine a shape parameter and some absolute length. Thus /3 may be determined by profile fitting, and Ze measured, where Ze is the distance from the plane at = 90 to the apex. If the drop rests with... 

Since h denotes the distance from the apex to the equatorial plane, then aty - h, p , and Eq. 11-33 becomes... 

The distance from the crack tip, along the X-axis, at which the von Mises equivalent stress falls below the yield stress, defines the size of the plastic zone, r. For the plane stress case of unconstrained yielding, which corresponds to the free surface of the specimen in Figure 4, this gives... 

Figure 5 shows the enhanced concentration of oppositely charged ions near the charged surface, and the depleted concentration of similarly charged ions near the charged surface due to electrostatic attractions and repulsions. Both factors reduce the effective potential, /, as the distance from the surface, X, increases. The distance at which / drops to 1/ (37%) of its value at the Stem plane is called the counterion atmosphere decay distance,... 

Shp usually occurs on the planes that have the highest atom density and are the greatest distance from adjacent planes. Therefore the sHp systems that can be activated ia a crystal depend primarily on crystal stmcture, and those crystals with the highest symmetry, eg, cubic, have the most available sHp systems. SHp systems and the temperatures at which they are activated are available (18). 

Conic Sections The cui ves included in this group are obtained from plane sections of the cone. They include the circle, ehipse, parabola, hyperbola, and degeneratively the point and straight line. A conic is the locus of a point whose distance from a fixed point called the focus is in a constant ratio to its distance from a fixea line, called the directrix. This ratio is the eccentricity e. lie = 0, the conic is a circle if 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse e = 1, the conic is a parabola ... 

Ri = effective radius of miter bend, defined as the shortest distance from the pipe centerhne to the intersection of the planes of adjacent miter joints 0 = angle of miter cut, °... 

Step 3 Calculate the distance from the center of the flame to a position with coordinates x and z, representing personnel or equipment exposed to radiation from the flame. (Since the limiting case is the one in which the flame is blown over in the direction of the exposed personnel or equipment, they are in the same plane and a two-coordinate system is adequate for describing their relative locations). Note also that all wind directions must be considered, even in locations which have a prevailing wind direction. 

Linear air jets are formed by slots or rectangular openings with a large aspect ratio. The jet flow s are approximately two-dimensional. Air velocities are symmetric in the plane at which air velocities in the cross-section are maximum. At some distance from the diffuser, linear air jets tend to transform info compact jets. 

Jets discharging dose to the plane of the ceiling or wall are common in ventilation practice. The presence of an adjacent surface restricts air entrainment from the side of this surface. This results in a pressure difference across the jet, which therefore curves toward the surface. The curvature of the jet increases until it attaches to the surface. This phenomenon is usually referred to as a Coanda effect. The attached jet or, as it is commonly called, wall jet, can result from air supply through an outlet with one edge coincident with the plane of the wall or ceiling fFig. 7.27). Jets supplied at some distance from the surface or at some angle to the surface can also become attached (Fig. 7.28)... 

Baturin " studied air jets supplied from rectangular nozzles at some angle to the plane with an edge of the nozzle coincident with the plane. The results of his studies indicate that the critical value of the angle of the jet supply direction to the plane is 45°. It was also shown that the jet supplied through a rectangular outlet with a nozzle kxated at some distance from the plane does not attach to the surface. 

X = distance from hood face along centerline and in the longest plane... 

Measurements show that the velocity has a fairly constant level in the occupied zone even far downstream from the wall with the cooling device. The flow is plane, and general experience indicates that the velocity in a plane stratified flow is constant and independent of the distance from the inlet device. Prediction of the flow by coinpurational fluid dynamics shows a similar velocity level in the hall. - The full-scale measurements shown in Fig. 12.33 indicate a very low velocity in most of the hall due to the practical difficulties in obtaining a correct load during the full-scale experiment. 

Air throw The maximum distance from the outlet of an ATD to a plane tangential to the jet envelope and perpendicular to the initial jet section where the velocity is reduced to a predetermined level. 

Deflection of a joint The largest deformation of a joint subjected to a positive or negative pressure, given by the measured difference in distance from a reference plane outside the joint to the joint with and without pressure. 

The strain-energy-release rate was expressed in terms of stresses around a crack tip by Inwin. He considered a crack under a plane stress loading of a , a symmetric stress relative to the crack, and x°° a skew-symmetric stress relative to the crack in Figure 6-12. The stresses have a superscript" because they are applied an infinite distance from the crack. The stress distribution very near the crack can be shown by use of classical elasticity theory to be, for example. 

If P is a point on a given plane and r is a positive number, the circle with center P and radius r is the set of all points of the plane whose distance from P is equal to r. The sphere with center P and radius r is the set of all points in space whose distance from P is equal to r. Two or more circles (or spheres) with the same P, but different values of r are concentric. 

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