Distance cues

What complex of distance cues serves to guide homing to the breeding site and to the individual nest or burrow Is olfaction a dominant one, especially for those species that return in darkness or dim light ... 

Flannagan, M.J., Sivak, M., Simpson, J.K. The relative importance of pictorial and nonpictorial distance cues for driver vision. In Proceedings of the International Driving... 

Thus, the generic computer vision tools of dense depth and optical flow reconstruction are replaced by an optimized method for highway traffic scene reconstruction A monocular rear-view vehicle mounted camera setup is utilized to estimate the road course, the vehicle distances, and their trajectories. This output data is post-processed in a perceptual motivated rendering stage to enrich the rear-view camera video stream with motion and distance cues. 

Thus, the presented Grab Cut boosted detection method is simple but very effective to track vehicles in video streams. Furthermore, the precise contour segmentation is an essential prerequisite for the plausible rendering of motion and distance cues (see Sect. 4). Additionally, a precise vehicle ground mark is provided, which is utilized for an improved distance and velocity estimate. 

The trajectory and relative velocity of trailing vehicles is veiy essential information to assess the traffic situation on a highway. To accommodate for this, a supportive enrichment with motion and distance cues of a rear-view camera video stream is proposed. 

After dominance is established, the dominant male occupies a "preferred" large shelter which becomes a focus of social interactions. Mature, premolt females visit frequently (31,32). For cohabitation and subsequent mating, females in naturalistic aquaria chose the dominant male over subdominants (31). In choice tests females prefer larger dominant males (23). Females make these behavioral decisions both from a distance and at the shelter entrance. Discrimination by females is lost when males are catheterized and can be regained when that male s urine is artificially released near the male (23). Thus, male urine cues for female choice are implied but have not been identified. 

The incident scene is sometimes a desirable location for the interview. When the interview is conducted at the incident scene, it will seem less like an interview and more like an informal discussion this will help to relax the witness. The visual cues at the incident scene may help the witness to remember information. The witness will also have something to do during the interview, walking around and pointing out equipment, which will put him more at ease so he will tend to talk more. There is also a great deal of information that the witness will commimicate at the incident scene that they may not otherwise think to tell the interviewer, for example, the distance between a valve and indicator. However, there are some reasons not to conduct the interview at the accident scene. They include the potential distractions at the scene such as other personnel, repair activities, demolition activities, the presence of other potential witnesses, unsafe conditions. In addition, poor weather can also be a problem. Finally, the accident scene may be too emotionally painful for the witness, especially if a friend of the witness was injured or killed. 

Proof of the existence of a volatile pheromone is more straightforward, but experimental separation of olfactory from visual, vibrational, and acoustic cues remains essential. Mate location may be mediated by pheromones in many spider species, because spiders, like insects, often face the task of locating a mate at some distance. 

In the absence of any other information, the mid-frequency reverberation time is perhaps the best measure of the overall reverberant characteristics of a room. We expect a room with a long RT to sound more reverberant than a room with a short RT, However, this depends on the distance between the source and the listener, which affects the level of the direct sound relative to the level of the reverberation. The reverberant level varies little throughout the room, whereas the direct sound falls off inversely proportional to distance. Thus, the ratio of direct to reverberant level is an important perceptual cue for source distance [Blauert, 1983, Begault, 19921. 

A number of authors2930 have addressed the potentially contrasting roles of larval cues vs. hydrodynamics by highlighting the need to understand the different spatial scales at which cues are effective. One simple experiment which would address this issue is to collect water samples at varying distances from the putative source of a cue and test their effectiveness at inducing settlement. 

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