Dispersion measurement synthesis

To prepare the charge generation material of photoreceptor used in xerography, the crude VOPc synthesized at 150 °C for 4 h in the microwave synthesis was acid-treated, and then recrystallized. As shown in Fig. 4, the amorphous VOPc can be obtainol from crude VOPc by acid-treatment and the fine crystal VOPc can he obtained fixim amorphous VOPc by recrystallization. From XRD results, it can be calculated that the crystallite size of fine crystal VOPc is about 18 nm. As shown in Fig. 5, the fine crystal VOPc is well dispersed with uniform size. It indicates that this fine crystal VOPC can be probably used as the chaige generation material of photoreceptor. Thus, further research will be required to measure the electrophotographic properties of fine crystal VOPc. 

Alkaline earth oxides (AEO = MgO, CaO, and SrO) doped with 5 mol% Nd203 have been synthesised either by evaporation of nitrate solutions and decomposition, or by sol-gel method. The samples have been characterised by chemical analysis, specific surface area measurement, XRD, CO2-TPD, and FTIR spectroscopy. Their catalytic properties in propane oxidative dehydrogenation have been studied. According to detailed XRD analyses, solid solution formation took place, leading to structural defects which were agglomerated or dispersed, their relative amounts depending on the preparation procedure and on the alkaline-earth ion size match with Nd3+. Relationships between catalyst synthesis conditions, lattice defects, basicity of the solids and catalytic performance are discussed. 

Fig. 8.33. [0,Mg,Ca/Fe] vs. [Fe/H], after Chiappini et al. (1999). Yields are from Woosley and Weaver (1995) (dashed lines) and Thielemann, Nomoto and Hashimoto (1996) (dot-dash lines) together with SN la synthesis according to model W7 (Nomoto, Thielemann Yokoi 1984) using the IMF of Scalo (1986). The same model predictions are shown in the right-hand panels, together with the typical trend of the data (solid lines) and a measure of their dispersion (dotted lines), r is the number of points in each estimation window and s is the fraction of data used in locating the summary line.

The present paper focuses on the interactions between iron and titania for samples prepared via the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl. (The results of ammonia synthesis studies over these samples have been reported elsewhere (4).) Since it has been reported that standard impregnation techniques cannot be used to prepare highly dispersed iron on titania (4), the use of iron carbonyl decomposition provides a potentially important catalyst preparation route. Studies of the decomposition process as a function of temperature are pertinent to the genesis of such Fe/Ti02 catalysts. For example, these studies are necessary to determine the state and dispersion of iron after the various activation or pretreatment steps. Moreover, such studies are required to understand the catalytic and adsorptive properties of these materials after partial decomposition, complete decarbonylation or hydrogen reduction. In short, Mossbauer spectroscopy was used in this study to monitor the state of iron in catalysts prepared by the decomposition of iron carbonyl. Complementary information about the amount of carbon monoxide associated with iron was provided by volumetric measurements. 

The solids analysis described above can be taken to yet another level by correlating the color measurement to chemical properties. An excellent model system is vanadium pyrophosphate (VPO), which is a well-known catalyst for butane oxidation to maleic anhydride. During the synthesis of the catalyst precursor, solid V2O5 particles are dispersed in a mixture of benzyl alcohol and i-butanol. In this slurry phase, the vanadium is partly reduced. Addition of phosphoric acid leads to a further reduction and the formation of the VPO structure. With a diffuse reflectance (DR) UV-vis probe by Fiberguide Ind., the surface of the suspended solid particles could be monitored during this slurry reaction. Four points can be noted from Figure 4.4 ... 

In words, the desired electron-density function is a Fourier series in which term hkl has amplitude IFobsl, which equals (7/, /)1/2, the square root of the measured intensity Ihkl from the native data set. The phase ot hkl of the same term is calculated from heavy-atom, anomalous dispersion, or molecular replacement data, as described in Chapter 6. The term is weighted by the factor whU, which will be near 1.0 if ct hkl is among the most highly reliable phases, or smaller if the phase is questionable. This Fourier series is called an Fobs or Fo synthesis (and the map an Fo map) because the amplitude of each term hkl is iFobsl for reflection hkl. 

Statistical mechanics was originally formulated to describe the properties of systems of identical particles such as atoms or small molecules. However, many materials of industrial and commercial importance do not fit neatly into this framework. For example, the particles in a colloidal suspension are never strictly identical to one another, but have a range of radii (and possibly surface charges, shapes, etc.). This dependence of the particle properties on one or more continuous parameters is known as polydispersity. One can regard a polydisperse fluid as a mixture of an infinite number of distinct particle species. If we label each species according to the value of its polydisperse attribute, a, the state of a polydisperse system entails specification of a density distribution p(a), rather than a finite number of density variables. It is usual to identify two distinct types of polydispersity variable and fixed. Variable polydispersity pertains to systems such as ionic micelles or oil-water emulsions, where the degree of polydispersity (as measured by the form of p(a)) can change under the influence of external factors. A more common situation is fixed polydispersity, appropriate for the description of systems such as colloidal dispersions, liquid crystals, and polymers. Here the form of p(cr) is determined by the synthesis of the fluid. 

For practical comparison we take an ample set of experimental data reported in Ref. 64 (and confirmed in Ref. 65) on linear and cubic susceptibilities of Cu-Co precipitating alloys. The given data cover the frequency domain 38-840 Hz and the temperature range 10-190 K. Synthesis of the samples as well as the method of magnetic measurement are described. However, apart from the observation that Cu-Co alloys precipitate, yielding a dispersion of cobalt nanosize particles in a copper matrix, no particular structural information on the system is given. 

This unique micro structure can be described as an intermediate stage between a supported catalyst and a bulk metallic sponge or skeletal Raney-type catalyst. It enables a reasonably high dispersion of Cu and exposure of many Cu-ZnO interfaces at a high total Cu content. The specific Cu surface area (SACu) of methanol catalysts can be determined by reactive N20 titration [59, 60], which causes surface oxidation of the Cu particles and allows calculation of SAcu from the amount of evolved N2. The SACu of state-of-the-art methanol synthesis catalysts measured by this method... 

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