Dispersion destruction

Gravitational force favors the separation of gas from liquid in a disperse system, causing the bubbles to rise to the hquid surface and the liquid contained in the bubble walls to drain downward to the main body of the liquid. Interfacial tension favors the coalescence and ultimate disappearance of bubbles indeed, it is the cause of bubble destruction upon the rupture of the laminae. 

These samples were measured non-destructively by energy-dispersive XRF with synclirotron radiation excitation (SYXRS), by g-XRF, by wavelength-dispersive XRF (WDXRS), and by Rutherford back scattering (RBS), by X-ray reflectometry (XRR) and by destructive secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) as well (both last methods were used for independant comparison). 

Absorption Destruction Direct recycling Dispersion Total enclosure Gas Wet scrubbing... 

There are numerous techniques which provide information related to the surface energy of solids. A large array of high-vacuum, destructive and non-destructive techniques is available, and most of them yield information on the atomic and chemical composition of the surface and layers just beneath it. These are reviewed elsewhere [83,84] and are beyond the scope of the present chapter. From the standpoint of their effect on wettability and adhesion, the property of greatest importance appears to be the Lifshitz-van der Waals ( dispersion) surface energy, ys. This may be measured by the simple but elegant technique of... 

The primary boiler plant problem here is cold-end corrosion, caused by the destructive effects of sulfuric acid produced within the convection area. Further problems include acid rain, which occurs when sulfur gases are emitted and widely dispersed to eventually produce sulfuric acid in the upper atmosphere, which precipitates as rain. 

The phase-twisted peak shapes (or mixed absorption-dispersion peak shape) is shown in Fig. 3.9. Such peak shapes arise by the overlapping of the absorptive and dispersive contributions in the peak. The center of the peak contains mainly the absorptive component, while as we move away from the center there is an increasing dispersive component. Such mixed phases in peaks reduce the signal-to-noise ratio complicated interference effects can arise when such lines lie close to one another. Overlap between positive regions of two different peaks can mutually reinforce the lines (constructive interference), while overlap between positive and negative lobes can mutually cancel the signals in the region of overlap (destructive interference). 

Rheological determinations are destructive of the structures they measure for this reason they do not portray the actual structure of the dispersion at rest. Accordingly, various methods have been devised for extrapolating to zero the results of measurements at various shear rates. The most useful one has been the conversion of viscosities to fluidities at various shear rates and the extrapolation of the resulting nearly linear relationship to zero shear, as shown in Figure 7. Sometimes a power of the shear rate, D, provides a better distinction between a sol (essentially a liquid) and a gel (essentially a solid), as shown in the figure, but the difference between a finite intercept (sol) and zero fluidity (gel) is largely fictitious because of the dependence of the intercept on the exponent n. 

Reactions of this type can also occur when the conductivity of one of the phases is very low or practically zero. In these reactions, the sites of reactant lattice destruction and product lattice formation are spatially separated. During the reaction, dissolved species diffuse from the dissolution sites to sites where they undergo further reaction and form the nuclei of the new phase. The length of the diffusion pathway in the sofution depends on the degrees of dispersion of the originaf reactant and resufting product, and most often is between 10 and 10 m. 

Wavelength-dispersive XRF is generally destructive not so energy-dispersive XRF... 

Unconfined explosion Unconfined explosions occur in the open. This type of explosion is usually the result of a flammable gas spill. The gas is dispersed and mixed with air until it comes in contact with an ignition source. Unconfined explosions are rarer than confined explosions because the explosive material is frequently diluted below the LFL by wind dispersion. These explosions are destructive because large quantities of gas and large areas are frequently involved. 

Not all colloid systems are stable. The most stable involve solid dispersion media, since movement through a solid host will be slow. Emulsions also tend to be stable think, for example, about a glass of milk, which is more likely to decompose than undergo the destructive process of phase separation. Aerosols are not very stable although a water-based polish generates a liquid-in-air colloid, the particles of liquid soon descend through the air to form a pool of liquid on the table top. Smoke and other solid-in-gas aerosols are never permanent owing to differences in density between air and the dispersed phase. 

Linke, R. and Schreiner, M. (2000). Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis and X-ray microanalysis of medieval silver coins - an analytical approach for non-destructive investigation of corroded metallic artifacts. Mikrochimica Acta 133 165-170. 

Williams-Thorpe, O., Potts, P. J., and Webb, P. C. (1999). Field-portable non-destructive analysis of lithic archaeological samples by X-ray fluorescence instrumentation using a mercury iodide detector Comparison with wavelength-dispersive XRF and a case study in British stone axe provenancing. Journal of Archaeological Science 26 215-237. 

Titus, when he inflicted the Divine vengeance, in the destruction of the Temple, witnessed the veneration of the Jews for their sanctuary, for their laws, and for their sabbaths and he carried the emblems of a ritual service, the table, and the candlestick, with its branches, to Rome, to be sculptured on his arch the memorials of the accomplishment of prophecy in the demolition of the sacred city, and in the dispersion of its inhabitants. ... 

Sometimes the dispersion process may inadvertently result in destruction of the aggregates and the primary particles, which happens particularly with pigment powders consisting of coarse or acicular particles - not to forget the effect of intensive shear [59]. 

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