Discrete analysis

An interesting point to consider here concerns the comparison of the classical deterministic analysis and our discrete analysis. The deterministic... 

N7. Northam, B. E., Automatic analysis in clinical chemistry discrete analysis systems. Brit. J. Hasp. Med. 5, Suppl. 1, 44-54 (1971). 

Discrete analysis, in contrast with continuous-flow analysis, allows each specimen in a batch its own physical and chemical space, separate from every other specimen. Early discrete analyzers, such as the 1970 vintage robot chemist, mimicked the steps of manual human analysis. Subsequently, many discrete analyzers were developed and are still widely used in clinical laboratories. Centrifugal and random access analyzers are examples of instruments that use discrete processing. 

S.4.3.2. Automatic Discontinuous and Continuous Discrete Analysis. Although the continuous-flow system of automatic analysis has fully demonstrated its practicability and gained widespread acceptance, its principle of operation imposes a limitation on the rate of analysis because interaction between successive samples, and the magnitude of the readings... 

Between these extremes is a rapidly developing field of rapid batch analysis, where the time of each discrete analysis has been reduced to the point that the analytic... 

Some simple classic systems are shown in Fig. 4.2.1. These columns have to be repacked after being used only once or a few times. The application of the sample is made directly onto the column, whereupon the flow of the mobile phase is started. The mobile phase may flow either by gravity or may be delivered by a low pressure pump. Detection and quantitation are achieved by photometry (flow-through cell) or by discrete analysis of the individual fractions after fraction collection. 

Tuiorial I.earn more about discrete analysis. 

Bhargava AK, Lalb H, Pundira CS (1999) Discrete analysis of serum uric acid with immobiUzed uricase and peroxidase J Biochem Biophys Meth 39(3) 125-136 Bhosale SH, Rao MB, Deshpande VV (1996) Industrial aspects of glucose isomerase. Microbiol Rev 60 280-300... 

A multiplicity of relaxation times also arose in our previous, discrete analysis [Robertson et al., 1984]. 

Creep Rate Spectroscopy for a Discrete Analysis of the Glass Transition Anomalies and Dynamic/Compositional Heterogeneity in Complex Polymer... 

Discrete analysis of segmental dynamics in polymers and the superiority in resolution to the conventional relaxation spectrometry techniques. CR spectra may respond discretely to unfreezing constituent dynamic modes within one relaxation region, e.g., of the glass transition or the P-relaxation, with a reproducible recording of the nanoscale dynamic heterogeneity. 

Discrete analysis of the complicated dynamics in complex polymer systems and nanocomposites, especially of the anomalies of the glass transition behavior in these materials, including the interfacial dynamics. Characterization of the dynamic modes within a broad glass transition range caused by the nanoconfinement and constrained dynamics effects. 

In this chapter, we have described the fundamental parameters that should be obtained when characterising an electronic, singlet or triplet, excited state and how to determine them experimentally including methodologies and required equipment. These characteristics include electronic energy, quantum yields, lifetimes and number and type of species in the excited state. Within this last context, i.e., when excited state reactions give rise to additional species in the excited state we have explored several excited state kinetic schemes, found to be present when excimers, exciplexes are formed and (intra and intermolecular) proton transfer occurs. This includes a complete formalism (with equations) for the steady-state and dynamic approaches for two and three-state systems, from where all the rate constants can be obtained. Additionally, we have explored additional recent developments in photophysics the competition between vibrational relaxation and photochemistry, and the non-discrete analysis (stretched-exponential) of fluorescence decays. 

See also centrifugal analysers, continuous flow analysis, discrete analysis... 

A type of automatic analysis in which samples are processed in separate reaction tubes. A typical discrete analysis system consists of a series of reaction tubes into which the sample is dispensed together with reagent. Incubation or addition of further reagents can follow and then the optical density can be measured by direct reading or by drawing the contents of the... 

Discrete analysis itself can be divided into discontinuous discrete analysis, where the operator moves the tubes from one stage of the process to the next, and continuous discrete analysis, where this occurs automatically. 

One of the major problems of discrete analysis is deproteiniza-tion. This can be overcome by choosing methods which do not require the removal of proteins. If protein removal is unavoidable a centrifugation step is included in the process. 

---