Discharge alkaline-manganese batteries

Fig. 8. Effect of temperature on relative discharge performance of a fresh "D"-si2e battery for service on simulated ratio use, 25- Q 4-h/d test for (a) an alkaline—manganese battery undergoing 260 h of service, and (b) a carbon—2inc battery undergoing 70 h of service (22).

The discharge of alkaline-manganese batteries comes from the electrochemical reactions at the anode and cathode. During discharge, the negative electrode material, zinc, is oxidized, forming zinc oxide at the same time, Mn02 in the positive electrode is reduced (MnOOH) ... 

Figure 2 shows a comparison of the discharge characteristics between alkaline-manganese batteries and Leclanche batteries. The capacity of the alkaline-manganese batteries is about three times as large as that of the Leclanche batteries. 

Figure 6.1 Voltage discharge characteristics of an alkaline manganese battery (D cell) discharged continuously (Courtesy of Union Carbide)...

Figure 36.3 Low discharge effect. SP11 and HP11 (R14) alkaline manganese batteries effect of using a high-power battery (HPll) on service life at high current drain (300f2.2 h/day discharge)...

The design of a AA-size alkaline manganese dioxide cell is shown in Fig. 1 (Sec. 3.1). Primary and secondary alkaline batteries are constructed in the same way and can be manufactured on essentially the same machinery. The separator material, electrode formulation, and the Mn02 Zn balance are different. Rechargeable cells are zinc-limited to prevent a discharge beyond the first electron-equivalent of the MnOz reduction. The electrolyte is 7-9 mol L KOH. The electrode reactions are ... 

Compared with the Leclanche batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries offer better performance at high discharge currents and lower temperatures and a better shelf life. They are more expensive than Leclanche batteries, but their cost per unit of energy is competitive and resources of raw materials are sufficient for mass production of these batteries. 

Figure 2. Compari.son between the discharge characteristics of alkaline-manganese and Leclanche batteries (load 7.5 Q temperature 20 °C)...

FIGURE 3.15 Discharge characteristics of a 9-volt battery subjected to a 100 ms pulse (smoke detector pulse tests) (a) zinc-carbon battery (b) and (c) zinc/alkaline/ manganese dioxide battery. 

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