Direct process for

The synthesis of triethoxysilane (28) and trimethoxysilane (29) has also been achieved by direct process. In 1980 there were no direct processes for the production of alkoxysilanes. In 1995 Silbond in Weston, Michigan, and Carboline in St. Louis, Missouri, operated processes for the production of tetraethoxysilane in the United States, and OSi/Witco announced start-up of a process to produce triethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane in TermoH, Italy. 

Geminox A direct process for converting butane to 1,4-butanediol. The butane is first oxidized in the gas phase to maleic anhydride, using BP s fluidized bed technology. The maleic anhydride is scrubbed with water and then catalytically dehydrogenated to butanediol. Developed in 1994 by BP Chemicals and Lurgi. Modifications of the process can be used to make tetrahydrofiuan and y-butyrolactone. The first plant will probably be built on BP s site at Lima, OH, for completion in 2000. 

Larkin An early direct process for reducing iron ore to iron metal by heating with carbon. 

In example 2 (above) a direct process for obtaining free sulphonic acids is described. 

Barry, A. J. Gilkey, J. W. Hook, D. E. Direct Process for the Preparation ofArylhalosi-lanes ACS Monograph 23 American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1959 pp. 246-264. 

Cu3Si, CusSi and Cu. At lower temperatures the only product is Cu. Intermetallics have an important effect on the direct process. For example, the activating effect of aluminum disappears when added as the quaternary alloy Fe4SigAlgCa but an increase in selectivity is noted when the ternary alloy is present. Aluminum added as the ternary alloy SiyAlsFes, Al3Si2Fe and Al2Si2Ca favors activity but decreases selectivity. 

For example, [94] reports a direct process for investigating ZnO polarity based on the analysis of time-of-flight spectra in ion-scattering experiments low-energy ion beams are scattered over the surface of the layer, causing it to be sputtered by the ion bombardment. The detector allows the time-resolved detection of the Zn-particle stream and of the scattered primary ions. The extent of O termination and Zn termination for the layer can be calculated from the difference between these signals. 

The chemistry of sUylene complexes has become much more developed in the past 10 years as silylene complexes have been found to be important intermediates in reactions snch as the dehydrogenative conphng of hydrosilanes, redistribntion reactions, and the Direct Process for the prodnction of simple chlorosilanes. For reviews of this work, see References 43, 44 and 294. Several complexes have now been prepared in which there is a sUene or disilene ligand (R2C=SiR2 or R2Si=SiR2 species) bnt, since all these contain several Si-C bonds, they will not be discnssed further here. 

The iron and steel industry did not again become an important manufacturing process until after India gained independence. Much earlier the direct process for the production of iron cementation had been developed in India (Wl), which was utilized in Europe only several centuries later. Damascus steel was derived from India. 

Direct processes for highly concentrated nitric acid manufacture ... 

This performance has enabled Mobil to develop a direct process for gasoline from methanol. The mechanisms of these reactions, especially the early stages, are not fully understood. Chang and Silvestri showed that the molecular sequence for the overall reaction is... 

HALCON develops direct process for ethyleneglycol production". European Chemical News, 23 (9 August 1974). 

Trichlorosilane and dichloro(methyl)silane375 377 react in the same way, not only with benzene, but also with other aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, biphenyl, and naphthalene, with boric acid, aluminum chloride, or Raney nickel as well as boron trichloride reported as catalysts. Barry et a/.378 have reviewed this direct process for synthesis of arylhalosilanes. 

Another two-step procedure uses die diol as die intermediate. Two-step Oxidative cleavage via diols or epoxides was proposed several years ago (67). However, Hinze was obviously not aware of direct processes for vicinal hydroxylation and therefore concentrated on epoxides as the intermediate. In light of die excellent methods for direct vicinal hydroxylation (see p. 168), diol cleavage now deserves renewed attention. 

Much research work has been devoted to the direct process for alkoxysilanes, based on silicon interaction with alcohol (Eq. 3) [1-5]. 

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