Diodes photovoltaic cells

This volume of the series focuses on the photochemistry and photophysics of metal-containing polymers. Metals imbedded within macromolecular protein matrices form the basis for the photosynthesis of plants. Metal-polymer complexes form the basis for many revolutionary advances occurring now. The contributors to many of these advances are authors of chapters in this volume. Application areas covered in this volume include nonlinear optical materials, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, field-effect transistors, chemosensing devices, and biosensing devices. At the heart of each of these applications are metal atoms that allow the assembly to function as required. The use of boron-containing polymers in various electronic applications was described in Volume 8 of this series. 

Will this material be suitable for the development of a photonic device (e.g., sohd-state laser, light emitting diode, photovoltaic cell) ... 

The intention of this article is to emphasize current aspects of the photophysics of emissive conjugated polymers paying particular attention to the spectroscopy of singlet and triplet excitations, their motion and their dissociation into coulombi-cally bound electron-hole pairs and free charge carriers. Any discussion of physics of devices such as light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and field effect transistors is outside the scope of this chapter and will be dealt with in different chapters of this book. 

Semi-conducting conjugated polymers (application as polymer light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, sensors, field-effect transistors etc., e.g. poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV)),... 

As will be shown and discussed later (Section 8.2), simple electronic devices such as light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and photodetectors consisting of a few molecular monolayers ( 10-100 nanometers ) have been demonstrated successfully as examples of molecular scale nanoelectronic devices. Since the photoinduced electron transfer phenomena in molecules is a local property of the supramolecular structure, devices based on these properties will show the same activity down to length scales such that the phenomena are limited by quantum fluctuations. Therefore, molecular photophysical devices are good candidates for applications in future nanoelectronics. 

Optoelectronic components produced by CVD include semiconductor lasers, light-emitting diodes (LED), photodetectors, photovoltaic cells, imaging tubes, laser diodes, optical waveguides, Impact diodes, Gunn diodes, mixer diodes, varactors, photocathodes, and HEMT (high electron mobility transistor). Major applications are listed in Table 15.1.El... 

A photovoltaic cell is basically a semiconductor diode consisting of a junction similar to the junction of a transistor. An electrical potential is formed by n-type doping on one side and p-type on the other. Under the impact of light (photons), such as in sunlight, electrons move from the p side, across the junction to the n side, and, through electrical contacts, can be drawn as a usable current (Fig. 15.4). 

NS Sariciftci, D Braun, C Zhang, VI Srdanov, AJ Heeger, and F Wudl, Semiconducting polymer-buckminsterfullerene heterojunctions diodes, photodiodes and photovoltaic cells, Appl. Phys. Lett., 62 585-587, 1993. 

Photovoltaic Cells Used us a tunnelling (aver in an MIS solar cell or as an active laser in p-n junction diode, perhaps involving an inorgan ic/organic junction. 

Two principal applications of conjugated oligomers (polymers)-NCs composites or hybrids as components of electronic devices can be envisioned in photovoltaic cells (PCs) and in light emitting diodes (LEDs). Both applications will be discussed below. 

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